Small-scale structure of thermodynamic phase in Arctic mixed-phase clouds observed by airborne remote sensing during a cold air outbreak and a warm air advection event

Abstract

Abstract. The combination of downward-looking airborne lidar, radar, microwave, and imaging spectrometer measurements was exploited to characterize the vertical and small-scale (down to 10 m) horizontal distribution of the thermodynamic phase of low-level Arctic mixed-layer clouds. Two cloud cases observed in a cold air outbreak and a warm air advection event observed during the Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) campaign were investigated. Both cloud cases exhibited the typical vertical mixed-phase structure with mostly liquid water droplets at cloud top and ice crystals in lower layers. The horizontal, small-scale distribution of the thermodynamic phase as observed during the cold air outbreak is dominated by the liquid water close to the cloud top and shows no indication of ice in lower cloud layers. Contrastingly, the cloud top variability in the case observed during a warm air advection showed some ice in areas of low reflectivity or cloud holes. Radiative transfer simulations considering homogeneous mixtures of liquid water droplets and ice crystals were able to reproduce the horizontal variability in this warm air advection. Large eddy simulations (LESs) were performed to reconstruct the observed cloud properties, which were used subsequently as input for radiative transfer simulations. The LESs of the cloud case observed during the cold air outbreak, with mostly liquid water at cloud top, realistically reproduced the observations. For the warm air advection case, the simulated ice water content (IWC) was systematically lower than the measured IWC. Nevertheless, the LESs revealed the presence of ice particles close to the cloud top and confirmed the observed horizontal variability in the cloud field. It is concluded that the cloud top small-scale horizontal variability is directly linked to changes in the vertical distribution of the cloud thermodynamic phase. Passive satellite-borne imaging spectrometer observations with pixel sizes larger than 100 m miss the small-scale cloud top structures.

How Are Mixed‐Phase Clouds Mixed?

“…Radiative properties of genuine and conditional mixed‐phase clouds are also different due to the spatial clustering of ice and liquid phase (e.g., Ruiz‐Donoso et al., 2020). The liquid water, initially distributed among a large number of liquid droplets, by the end of glaciation will be depleted by fewer ice particles.…”

Finely laminated Arctic mixed-phase clouds occur frequently and are correlated with snow

“…The small scale horizontal variability of clouds has been shown by García et al (2012) and more recently by Ruiz-Donoso et al (2019) to be an important consideration when calculating the total upwelling and downwelling radiation budgets. Therefore, a 3-D approach will eventually be necessary to understand the complete impact of laminated clouds on the radiation budget.…”

A phase separation inlet for droplets, ice residuals, and interstitial aerosol particles

“…At present, these effects are difficult to parameterize in models due to a lack of observational data on formation, properties, and phase partitioning L. Koolik et al: Phase separation inlet (Kamphus et al, 2010;Shupe et al, 2006). This has resulted in a global effort to study these clouds (Abel et al, 2014;Davis et al, 2007a;Hiranuma et al, 2016;Kupiszewski et al, 2015;Lohmann, 2017;Lowenthal et al, 2019;Mertes et al, 2007;Patade et al, 2016;Ramelli et al, 2021;Ruiz-Donoso et al, 2020;Schmidt et al, 2017).…”