Small Scale Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit

Rice, T.D.; Carpenter, J. K.; Ackerman, C.D.

doi:10.1021/ie50536a019

Cited by 2 publications

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“…The carbon factor plot shows that the degree of deterioration in catalyst selectivity caused by a given increase in vanadium content was greatest for the low-activity synthetic catalyst and about the same for the sulfur-resistant natural catalyst and the high-activity synthetic activity synthetic catalysts to metals poisoning in this study is similar to that found by Connor and others (7). The carbon factor plot also shows the benefits of increased activity in that the sulfur-resistant natural and the high-activity synthetic catalysts showed no significant increase in carbon factor up to about 0.05% increase in catalyst vanadium content.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Other studies on metals deposition have also indicated that the deterioration in product distribution obtained with poisoned synthetic catalysts at a given Relative Effects of Vanadium and Nickel. Earlier studies showed that nickel contamination of cracking catalyst causes 4 to 5 times as much deterioration in product distribution as is caused by vanadium contamination (7,5). To determine if this relative effect was the same when using the natural metals in the charge at typical processing conditions, a high nickel content (4.9 p.p.m.)…”

Section: These Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The small-scale fluid unit, used for the product distribution studies, has a catalyst inventory of about 2500 grams and a feed rate of about 5.5 gallons per day (7). Determining product distribution on the small-scale fluid unit rather than on the aging unit appeared desirable for two major reasons-the method of operation is more representative of commercial operation than can be obtained in a cyclic unit; and separation of the cracked products into gas, gasoline, and catalytic gas oil by continuous distillation is carried out more easily and accurately than by batch distillation which is required on the aging unit because of alternate reaction and regeneration periods.…”

Section: Equipment and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metals Poisoning of Cracking Catalysts

Donaldson¹,

Rice²,

Murphy³

1961

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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Accurate evaluation of the effects of metals contamination in commercial fluid-cracking operations can result in improved operating efficiency through proper choice of charge stocks, catalysts, and make-up rate T H E HISTORY of studies of metals poisoning of cracking catalysts has been one of initial oversimplification and not until recently has it been recognized in the literature that experimental methods which duplicate commercial operation must be used to provide reliable quantitative results. In early studies, the effects of metals contamination were determined by using catalysts which had been impregnated with metals from salt solutions (5). Although these methods gave good qualitative results, the effects of a given amount of metal on activity and selectivity were considerably greater than when naturally occurring metals poisoned the catalysts. In later studies, oil solutions of metal naphthenates were used to deposit the metals on the catalysts (9). These studies showed that the effect of a given amount of metal depended on the molecular weight of the naphthenate and the molecular weight of the oil used to dissolve the naphthenate. More recently, studies have been reported using the naturally occurring metals in high boiling feedstocks (4). However, in these studies, several procedures used differ from normal operation of refinery catalytic cracking units. These differences in operating procedures could have a significant effect on the results obtained.Several years ago, comprehensive studies were undertaken by this company to develop information on the effect of metals contamination of cracking catalysts. From the outset of these studies, operational procedures which simulated commercial operation in all important aspects were used.The more important operational procedures used in these studies which differ from those used in previously reported studies were : 0 Nonpoisoned equilibrium catalysts were aged in an automatic fluidized fixed-bed unit with charge stocks having high naturally occurring vanadium or nickel contents 0 Fresh catalyst was used as make-up 0 Product distribution data were obtained in a fluid catalytic cracking pilot plant at various metals levels on the catalyst using the same charge stock as used in the aging operation 0 Typical commercial operating conditions were used in both the aging and product distribution operations Studies were made using low-and high-alumina synthetic catalysts and a sulfur-resistant natural catalyst to determine if there was any benefit to be derived in choice of catalyst when charging high metals stocks. Studies were also made to determine the effect of catalyst make-up rate, since this method is the one most often used in the refinery for counteracting the effect of metals poisoning. Finally, a study was made to determine if the relative effects of vanadium and nickel poisoning under typical refinery conditions were the same as had been determined in earlier bench-scale studies.These studies showed : 0 Sulfur-resistant natural and highalumina synthetic ca...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: These Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Equipment and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metals Poisoning of Cracking Catalysts

Donaldson¹,

Rice²,

Murphy³

1961

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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The effects of hydrogenation and catalytic cracking of various molecular types in middle distillates

Flinn¹,

Larson²

1961

J. Appl. Chem.

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The response to hydrogenation and catalytic cracking of the various types of hydrocarbons present in petroleum gas oils has been investigated by mass spectrometric analytical techniques. A substantial difference was found between the ease of hydrogenation of mononuclear and dinuclear aromatic compounds. A similar difference does not appear to exist between dinuclear and polynuclear aromatic systems. Some polynuclear compounds are apparently hydrogenated completely under conditions which do not normally saturate mono ring aromatics. In catalytic cracking, it appears that aromatic compounds are affected largely by the cracking of aliphatic appendages and very few aromatic rings are broken, whereas entirely aliphatic materials present in the reactant stream are cracked quite readily. It is well known that hydrogenation is beneficial to a catalytic cracking charge stock. This work shows that relatively mild hydrogenation of materials which are to be catalytically cracked can, by saturating polyaromatics only to monoaromatics (naphthenes), make the stock much more susceptible to cracking.

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Small Scale Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Metals Poisoning of Cracking Catalysts

Metals Poisoning of Cracking Catalysts

The effects of hydrogenation and catalytic cracking of various molecular types in middle distillates

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