Small-scale and rapid quantitative analysis of phenols and carbazoles in sedimentary matter

Bastow, Trevor P.; Aarssen, B.G.K. van; Chidlow, G.; Kagi, Robert I.

doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(03)00066-4

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Asphaltenes are believed to interact with the solid phase resulting in a chromatographic separation of compounds (Li et al, 1992; 1994; Larter et al, 1996; Li et al, 1997; Taylor et al, 1997; Bastow et al, 2003). In fact, investigations are on-going in the petroleum literature on how to use this phenomenon as a way of tracking the movement of crude oil (Li et al, 1992; 1994; Larter et al, 1996; Li et al, 1997; Taylor et al, 1997; Bastow et al, 2003). Given the enhanced concentration of asphaltenes in tars, it seems possible that the movement of tar could result in similar changes in composition.…”

Section: Remediation and Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dense non-aqueous phase liquids at former manufactured gas plants: Challenges to modeling and remediation

Birak

Miller

2009

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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The remediation of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in porous media continues to be one of the most challenging problems facing environmental scientists and engineers. Of all the environmentally relevant DNAPLs, tars in the subsurface at former manufactured gas plants (FMGP's) pose one of the biggest challenges due to their complex chemical composition and tendency to alter wettability. To further our understanding of these complex materials, we consulted historic documentation to evaluate the impact of gas manufacturing on the composition and physicochemical nature of the resulting tars. In the recent literature, most work to date has been focused in a relatively narrow portion of the expected range of tar materials, which has yielded a bias toward samples of relatively low viscosity and density. In this work, we consider the dissolution and movement of tars in the subsurface, models used to predict these phenomena, and approaches used for remediation. We also explore the open issues and detail important gaps in our fundamental understanding of these extraordinarily complex systems that must be resolved to reach a mature level of understanding.

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Section: Remediation and Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dense non-aqueous phase liquids at former manufactured gas plants: Challenges to modeling and remediation

Birak

Miller

2009

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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“…Incorporation of deuterium into the phenolic components of the tar was studied by using 2-methylphenol ( o -cresol) as a representative compound. Once again, as with aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols yield significant molecular ions in their spectra, , and mass fragmentography of this ion was used to determine the extent of deuterium incorporation. Panels a and b of Figure show partial mass fragmentograms for the m / z 108, 109, and 110 ions that correspond to M, M + 1, and M + 2 ions, respectively, for the 2-methylphenol formed from pyrolysis of the LYL/D 2 O and LYL/H 2 O mixtures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The full mass spectrum obtained at the apex of the m/z 108 mass fragmentogram from the LYL/H 2 O experiment was used to confirm that the peak was in fact 2-methylphenol with the elution order of this phenol relative to other phenols agreeing with this assignment. 19 It is evident from the mass fragmentograms in Figure 5 that enhanced levels of M þ 1 and M þ 2 species have formed from the experiment that used the LYL/D 2 O mixture. Inspection of the partial mass spectra shown from the two experiments confirms enhanced M þ 1 and M þ 2 ions in the partial mass spectrum from the LYL/D 2 O experiment.…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 96%

A Study of the Hydrogen Exchange Reactions Occurring during Loy Yang Lignite Pyrolysis Using Deuterium-Labeled Water and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Larcher

Kajitani

2011

Energy Fuels

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Hydrogen exchange has been studied during lignite pyrolysis by heating mixtures of an oven-dried (105°C) Loy Yang lignite and deuterium-labeled water (D 2 O) in a quartz U-tube reactor. A typical experiment consisted of heating the lignite from ambient temperature to 500 ( 2°C at 20°C/min under a flow of nitrogen. A higher-heating rate experiment (6°C/s) was also performed. The collected tar fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, which allowed detailed analysis of individual components. Inspection of the mass spectra of some of the components showed changes that reflected deuterium had been incorporated into their molecular structure during pyrolysis. The relative extent of deuterium incorporation was quantitated by mass fragmentography of selected ions, with the molecular ion in most cases being used. Four compounds were chosen for detailed analysis: 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylphenol, 1-octadecene, and n-octadecane. The pyrolysis experiments showed that a significant amount of deuterium was incorporated into the aromatic and phenolic components of the tar, while the amount of deuterium incorporated into the 1-alkene and n-alkane components was much smaller. A series of experiments was completed to determine the influence of experimental parameters such as the heating rate, purge gas flow, and amount of deuterium-labeled water present. Additional experiments using in-line mass spectrometry monitored the fate of the deuterium-labeled water during pyrolysis and the generation of chemically produced pyrolytic water. Reaction mechanisms for the observed hydrogen exchange reactions are proposed, and the significance of these to the overall lignite pyrolysis process is discussed.

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“…Several authors have used alkaline extraction followed by reverse-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) on C18 alkyl-bonded silica to remove non-polar material and provide a phenol-enriched fraction for analysis [1,9]. Galimberti et al [15] and Bastow et al [16] describe methods where both phenols and nitrogen compounds in oils may be analysed simultaneously. Bennett et al [17] developed a method for the rapid analysis of C 0 -C 3 alkylphenols in oils which involved SPE using C18 non-endcapped silica (abbreviated to C18 NEC SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The accurate determination of C₀–C₃alkylphenol concentrations in crude oils

Bennett

Noke

Bowler

et al. 2007

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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Small-scale and rapid quantitative analysis of phenols and carbazoles in sedimentary matter

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Dense non-aqueous phase liquids at former manufactured gas plants: Challenges to modeling and remediation

Dense non-aqueous phase liquids at former manufactured gas plants: Challenges to modeling and remediation

A Study of the Hydrogen Exchange Reactions Occurring during Loy Yang Lignite Pyrolysis Using Deuterium-Labeled Water and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The accurate determination of C₀–C₃alkylphenol concentrations in crude oils

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Small-scale and rapid quantitative analysis of phenols and carbazoles in sedimentary matter

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Dense non-aqueous phase liquids at former manufactured gas plants: Challenges to modeling and remediation

Dense non-aqueous phase liquids at former manufactured gas plants: Challenges to modeling and remediation

A Study of the Hydrogen Exchange Reactions Occurring during Loy Yang Lignite Pyrolysis Using Deuterium-Labeled Water and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The accurate determination of C0–C3alkylphenol concentrations in crude oils

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The accurate determination of C₀–C₃alkylphenol concentrations in crude oils