Small Rho GTPases and their associated RhoGEFs mutations promote immunological defects in primary immunodeficiencies

Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Caused by Rac GTPases Dysregulation: What’s behind Neuro-RACopathies

“…(active) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound (inactive) states, in a cycle which is strictly regulated by three groups of regulatory proteins with a very specific functional role: GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) [6]. GDP/GTP binding and GTP hydrolysis are mediated by the highly conserved G domain (Figure 1).…”

“…The RAC subfamily is part of the typical group of Rho GTPases, together with Rho- and CDC42-subfamilies, meaning that the members of this subfamily undergo classical GTPase cycle [ 5 ]. In particular, they act as a molecular switch, cycling between GTP-bound (active) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound (inactive) states, in a cycle which is strictly regulated by three groups of regulatory proteins with a very specific functional role: GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) [ 6 ]. GDP/GTP binding and GTP hydrolysis are mediated by the highly conserved G domain ( Figure 1 ).…”

Comprehensive proteomic analysis of the main liver and attached liver of <i>Glyptosternum maculatum</i> on the basis of data-independent mass spectrometry acquisition

“…Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains involved in the activation of small GTPases, which are active when bound to GTP, while inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, GTPase activities are regulated by GEFs, as well as by GTPase-activating proteins (Hashim and Mokhtar, 2021). A total of 63 fast-evolving genes (FEGs) and 48 positively selected genes (PSGs) have been previously identified in G. maculatum, which differed in comparison to 121-178 FEGs and 58-244 PSGs detected in other living glyptosternoid fish species (Cox et al, 2014).…”

Cell division cycle 42 reflects disease risk, symptoms, Th1/Th2 disproportion, and its short‐term variation indicates symptom amelioration after treatment in allergic rhinitis patients

“…Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) participates in various biological processes, such as inflammation and immune response 12–14 . Recent studies have implied the potential involvement of CDC42 in AR.…”

“…[9][10][11] Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) participates in various biological processes, such as inflammation and immune response. [12][13][14] Recent studies have implied the potential involvement of CDC42 in AR. For instance, it is reported that CDC42 deletion suppresses Th2 cell differentiation, thus decreasing the progression of allergic airway inflammation.…”