Small particles in volcanic eruption clouds

Rose, William I.; Chuan, Raymond L.; Cadle, R. D.; Woods, David C.

doi:10.2475/ajs.280.8.671

Cited by 93 publications

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“…Atmospheric particulate matter is most likely to be transported far from its point of origin if its size falls within the accumulation mode (i.e., particles with a diameter of roughly 0.1-1 μm), particularly if it has limited hygroscopicity and is thus unlikely to nucleate cloud droplets (7). Observations in the plumes of both actively erupting and quiescent degassing volcanoes have shown emissions of such aerosols (8)(9)(10), and a few studies have quantified trace metals in these aerosols, observing not only large enrichments compared with background, but also large absolute concentrations of Ni and Cu in the airborne particulate phase (up to 1-2 μg m −3 of Cu and Ni in volcanic plumes) (5,(11)(12)(13). In particular, up to 1.6 μg m −3 Ni were reported to be emitted from Kilauea (14), with the large majority of that mass being present in the accumulation mode.…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of degassing of the Noril’sk nickel deposits in the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event

Vaillant

Mungall

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The largest mass extinction event in Earth's history marks the boundary between the Permian and Triassic Periods at circa 252 Ma and has been linked with the eruption of the basaltic Siberian Traps large igneous province (SLIP). One of the kill mechanisms that has been suggested is a biogenic methane burst triggered by the release of vast amounts of nickel into the atmosphere. A proposed Ni source lies within the huge Noril’sk nickel ore deposits, which formed in magmatic conduits widely believed to have fed the eruption of the SLIP basalts. However, nickel is a nonvolatile element, assumed to be largely sequestered at depth in dense sulfide liquids that formed the orebodies, preventing its release into the atmosphere and oceans. Flotation of sulfide liquid droplets by surface attachment to gas bubbles has been suggested as a mechanism to overcome this problem and allow introduction of Ni into the atmosphere during eruption of the SLIP lavas. Here we use 2D and 3D X-ray imagery on Noril’sk nickel sulfide, combined with simple thermodynamic models, to show that the Noril’sk ores were degassing while they were forming. Consequent “bubble riding” by sulfide droplets, followed by degassing of the shallow, sulfide-saturated, and exceptionally volatile and Cl-rich SLIP lavas, permitted a massive release of nickel-rich volcanic gas and subsequent global dispersal of nickel released from this gas as aerosol particles.

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confidence: 99%

Role of degassing of the Noril’sk nickel deposits in the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event

Vaillant

Mungall

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…T h s permits atmospheric distribution measurements to be made in relatively short times even though the flow rate through the impactor is relatively low. For example, a similar QCM has been flown on aircraft to measure aerosols from volcanic eruptions in both the troposphere and stratosphere (Rose et al, 1980;Chuan et al, 1981;Woods and Chuan, 1982).…”

Section: Balloon-borne Cascade Impactormentioning

confidence: 99%

Lidar and Balloon-Borne Cascade Impactor Measurements of Aerosols: A Case Study

Reagan

Apte

Bruhns

et al. 1984

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Aerosol size distributions, elemental components, complex refractive indices, extinction profiles and extinctionto-backscatter ratios have been measured and inferred from balloon-borne cascade impactor and lidar observations made during a cooperative joint experiment conducted during the period 4-10 April, 1980 in Tucson, AZ. Size distributions obtained from quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) cascade impactor measurements at different heights (1 to 1000 m) and times over a period of several days were fairly similar in form, being clearly bimodal in their mass distributions with the coarse particle mode being dominant. Electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyses of particles deposited on the QCM stages over the particle radii range -0.5-4.0 ym revealed that the particle samples were elementally dominated by both sulfur and crustal type (Al, Ca, Mg and Si) elements. Complex refractive index estimates for a wavelength of 649 nm were obtained by comparing the lidar inferred aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratios with theoretically computed values calculated for the impactor-derived size distributions. The real part of the index was estimated to be 1.45 for most cases, while the estimates for the imaginary part ranged between 0.000 and 0.01. Aerosol extinction coefficients calculated for the impactor-derived size distributions were found to be somewhat smaller but in fair agreement with the extinction coefficients retrieved from the lidar measurements.

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“…The Si and Al concentrations were mostly much higher than Ca and Fe ones. About 28% of the ash particles examined and about 50% of the particles with geometric diameter less than 1 μm contain sulphur, probably indicating adsorption of S-rich particles onto the coarse particles [28][29][30]. The small particles in volcanic ash plumes should be typically composed largely of sulphuric acid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eyjafjallajökull Volcanic Eruption: Ice Nuclei and Particle Characterization

Belosi¹,

Santachiara²,

Prodi³

2011

ACS

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The Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption was an extraordinary event in that it led to widespread and unprecedented disruption to air travel over Europe -a region generally considered to be free from the hazards associated with volcanic eruptions, excluding the extreme south influenced by Mt. Etna. In situ measurements were performed at the research centre of the National Research Council (CNR) area of Bologna (44˚31′ N; 11˚20′ E), an urban background site, in order to contribute to knowledge concerning the impact of the volcanic emission.Aerosol size distributions measured with a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) and an Optical Particle Counter (OPC) show an increase in concentration of the accumulation and coarse fraction during the transit of the ash cloud, with respect to the subsequent period of the event, while particles smaller than 0.3 μm seem not to be affected by volcanic ash. Ice nuclei measured in the sampled air during and after the ash cloud transit, show an higher concentration during the ash cloud transit, with a ratio of about 1:110 with respect to the aerosol number concentration measured with the OPC.The elemental composition of aerosol particles, performed with SEM-EDX, gives about 30% of the inorganic coarse particles (geometric diameter larger than 1 μm) of volcanic origin on the 20 April. Si and Al concentrations result prevalently much higher than Ca and Fe ones. A large number of particles contained sulphur, indicating secondary processes of sulphate/sulphuric acid formation due to sulphur dioxide oxidation during transport in the volcanic plume.

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Small particles in volcanic eruption clouds

Cited by 93 publications

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Role of degassing of the Noril’sk nickel deposits in the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event

Role of degassing of the Noril’sk nickel deposits in the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event

Lidar and Balloon-Borne Cascade Impactor Measurements of Aerosols: A Case Study

Eyjafjallajökull Volcanic Eruption: Ice Nuclei and Particle Characterization

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Small particles in volcanic eruption clouds

Cited by 93 publications

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Role of degassing of the Noril’sk nickel deposits in the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event

Role of degassing of the Noril’sk nickel deposits in the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event

Lidar and Balloon-Borne Cascade Impactor Measurements of Aerosols: A Case Study

Eyjafjallaj&#246;kull Volcanic Eruption: Ice Nuclei and Particle Characterization

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Eyjafjallajökull Volcanic Eruption: Ice Nuclei and Particle Characterization