Small molecules as theranostic agents in cancer immunology

Li, Jindian; Valkenburgh, Juno Van; Hong, Xingfang; Conti, Peter S.; Zhang, Xianzhong; Chen, Kai

doi:10.7150/thno.37218

Cited by 44 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 200 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…Unlike conventional cancer therapies, this approach provides a more precise and personalized therapeutic effect that causes minimum side-effects and allows simultaneous imaging of the target site (monitoring) ( Hapuarachchige and Artemov, 2020 ; Xu, C. M. et al, 2020 ). As a result, the technique of induced immunomodulation has gained popularity as a tool for cancer therapy ( Comparetti et al, 2018 ; Li, J. et al, 2019 ; Xu, B. et al, 2020 ). Since these immunotherapy-based approaches towards eradicating cancer cells rely on employing the body’s own natural defense system to combat cancer they achieve targeted results with fewer side-effects than conventional cancer treatments ( Sau et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Immunomodulation As a Tool In Cancer Therapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics

2021

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Immunotherapy holds great promise in overcoming the limitations of conventional regimens for cancer therapeutics. There is growing interest among researchers and clinicians to develop novel immune-strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment with better specificity and lesser adversity. Immunomodulation-based cancer therapies are rapidly emerging as an alternative approach that employs the host’s own defense mechanisms to recognize and selectively eliminate cancerous cells. Recent advances in nanotechnology have pioneered a revolution in the field of cancer therapy. Several nanomaterials (NMs) have been utilized to surmount the challenges of conventional anti-cancer treatments like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. NMs offer a plethora of exceptional features such as a large surface area to volume ratio, effective loading, and controlled release of active drugs, tunable dimensions, and high stability. Moreover, they also possess the inherent property of interacting with living cells and altering the immune responses. However, the interaction between NMs and the immune system can give rise to unanticipated adverse reactions such as inflammation, necrosis, and hypersensitivity. Therefore, to ensure a successful and safe clinical application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials, it is imperative to acquire in-depth knowledge and a clear understanding of the complex nature of the interactions between NMs and the immune system. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the recent developments, achievements, and challenges in the application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials (iNMs) for cancer therapeutics with a focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in the interplay between NMs and the host’s immune system.

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Section: Immunomodulation As a Tool In Cancer Therapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics

2021

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“…Radiolabeled small molecules comprise the largest group of PET tracers and are the most widely used for clinical PET scans 29 . These tracers are based on drugs or metabolites with specificity for a desired cell type or metabolic process.…”

Section: Small Molecules For Imaging Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Imaging of Cancer Immunotherapy

Abousaway¹,

Rakhshandehroo²,

Abbeele³

et al. 2021

Nanotheranostics

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Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of several malignancies. Notwithstanding the encouraging results, many patients do not respond to treatments. Evaluation of the efficacy of treatments is challenging and robust methods to predict the response to treatment are not yet available. The outcome of immunotherapy results from changes that treatment evokes in the tumor immune landscape. Therefore, a better understanding of the dynamics of immune cells that infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment may fundamentally help in addressing this challenge and provide tools to assess or even predict the response. Noninvasive imaging approaches, such as PET and SPECT that provide whole-body images are currently seen as the most promising tools that can shed light on the events happening in tumors in response to treatment. Such tools can provide critical information that can be used to make informed clinical decisions. Here, we review recent developments in the field of noninvasive cancer imaging with a focus on immunotherapeutics and nuclear imaging technologies and will discuss how the field can move forward to address the challenges that remain unresolved.

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“…IDO has shown expression in a diverse range of cell types within the small intestine, lung, heart, and less so in neuronal tissue, whereas TDO activity is mainly localized to the liver. 18,19 In addition, TDO and IDO have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and a number of inflammatory disorders, 20–23 highlighting the potential that NAD biosynthetic pathways may serve as targets for therapeutic development. N-formylkynurenine is subsequently converted to kynurenine by kynurenine formamidase (KFase), then hydroxylated to form 3-hydroxykynurenine via the NADPH-dependent action of kynurenine-3-hydroxylase (K3H).…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Nadmentioning

confidence: 99%

NAD metabolism in aging and cancer

Kincaid

Berger

2020

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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NAD+ and its derivatives NADH, NADP+, and NADPH are essential cofactors in redox reactions and electron transport pathways. NAD serves also as substrate for an extensive series of regulatory enzymes including cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolases, mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and sirtuin deacetylases which are O-acetyl-ADP-ribosyltransferases. As a result of the numerous and diverse enzymes that utilize NAD as well as depend on its synthesis and concentration, significant interest has developed in its role in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes, and therapeutic initiatives have focused both on augmenting its levels as well as inhibiting some of its pathways. In this article, we examine the biosynthesis of NAD, metabolic processes in which it is involved, and its role in aging, cancer, and other age-associated comorbidities including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. Therapeutic interventions to augment and/or inhibit these processes are also discussed. Impact statement NAD is a central metabolite connecting energy balance and organismal growth with genomic integrity and function. It is involved in the development of malignancy and has a regulatory role in the aging process. These processes are mediated by a diverse series of enzymes whose common focus is either NAD’s biosynthesis or its utilization as a redox cofactor or enzyme substrate. These enzymes include dehydrogenases, cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolases, mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and sirtuin deacetylases. This article describes the manifold pathways that comprise NAD metabolism and promotes an increased awareness of how perturbations in these systems may be important in disease prevention and/or progression.

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Small molecules as theranostic agents in cancer immunology

Cited by 44 publications

References 200 publications

Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics

Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics

Noninvasive Imaging of Cancer Immunotherapy

NAD metabolism in aging and cancer

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