Abstract-It is shown that there exist information networks where messages can be sent (utilising Network Coding) more easily in one direction than in the opposite direction. This is valid even though each channel is assumed to have the same capacity in both directions.It is shown that irreversible information networks only have solutions that use non-linear Network Coding. I argue that this result is more surprising than might appear at first sight and that it follows using ideas resembeling the path integral in Quantum Mechanics. [7]. The idea can be illustrated by considering the "butterfly" network in figure 1.
I. MAGIC IN INFORMATIONx y x+y x y r: y r: x figure 1 The task is to send the message x from the upper left corner to the lower right corner and to send the message y from the upper right corner to the lower left corner. We say the lower left (lower right) node requires x (requires y) and write this requirement as r : y (r : x). The messages x, y ∈ A are selected from some finite alphabet A. Assume that each information channel can carry at most one message at a time. If the messages x and y are sent simultaneously there is a bottleneck in the middle information channel. On the other hand if we, for example, organise A as a commutative group (A, +) and send x + y ∈ A through the middle channel, the messages x and y can easily be recovered at 'output' nodes at the bottom of the network (since y = (x + y) − x and x = (x + y) − y).It is often convenient to think about each message as a flow of elements from A. Viewed this way we can consider messages a and b as sequences . . . a −2 , a −1 , a 0 , a 1 , a 2 . . . The information network in figure 1 is an example of a multiple-unicast information network. In general a multiple-unicast information network N = (V, E; s 1 , t 1