Small for Gestational Age and Higher Birth Weight Predict Childhood Obesity in Preterm Infants

Gaskins, Ronnesia B.; LaGasse, Linda L.; Liu, Jing; Shankaran, Seetha; Lester, Barry M.; Bada, Henrietta S.; Bauer, Charles R.; Das, Abhik; Higgins, Rosemary D.; Roberts, Mary Louise

doi:10.1055/s-0030-1253555

Cited by 49 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, Gaskins et al . reported that not only SGA, but also high BW were associated with being overweight or obese at 11 years of age for children with 32–36 weeks GA23. Based on these results, we speculate that SGA children born ≥37 weeks GA or 34–36 weeks GA are at potential risk for the development of early AR, which may lead to the development of obesity, non-communicable diseases, and metabolic syndrome during late childhood and adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

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Gestational age-dependency of height and body mass index trajectories during the first 3 years in Japanese small-for-gestational age children

Maeyama

Morioka

Iwatani

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Gestational age (GA) is thought to affect height growth in small-for-gestational age (SGA) children. However, the GA-specific trajectories in body mass index (BMI) and early appearances of adiposity rebound (AR) have not been fully investigated in a cohort of Japanese SGA children. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with 1063 SGA children born in Kobe, Japan, with sufficient records from birth to 3 years of age. Subjects were divided into subgroups based on GA: 39–41 weeks GA (n = 723), 37–38 weeks GA (n = 256), 34–36 weeks GA (n = 62), and <34 weeks GA (n = 22). Height and BMI were assessed at 4 months, 9 months, 1.5 years, and 3 years of age. The catch-up rate for height was GA-dependent. Most children with 39–41 weeks GA (91%) caught up by 4 months of age; however, lower GA was associated with a slower elevation in the catch-up rate. The BMI trajectory during the first 3 years was also GA-dependent, with a change in GA dependency at a boundary of 37 weeks GA. Approximately 7% of SGA children had already developed AR before 3 years of age. In conclusion, growth patterns during infancy and early childhood in SGA children differ depending on GA.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…On the other hand, Gaskins et al . reported that SGA children with <33 weeks GA are at risk for being overweight at 11 years of age23. Thus, although SGA children with <37 weeks GA generally appear to have low BMI during infancy and early childhood, some of them may be an at-risk population for obesity in later childhood and adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational age-dependency of height and body mass index trajectories during the first 3 years in Japanese small-for-gestational age children

Maeyama

Morioka

Iwatani

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…4, 24 This association is linear in some studies 25 and U-shaped in others. 26 In our study, birth weight was positively and linearly associated with standardized BMI at 10 years, but this effect was only significant among male subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Early life risk factors of being overweight at 10 years of age: results of the German birth cohorts GINIplus and LISAplus

et al. 2013

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Objective:To develop a prediction model that quantifies the risk of being overweight at 10 years of age.Subjects/Methods:In total, 3121 participants from the GINIplus (German Infant Nutritional Intervention plus environmental and genetic influences on allergy development) and LISAplus (Influences of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood plus Air Pollution and Genetics) German birth cohorts were recruited. We predicted standardized body mass index (BMI) at 10 years of age using standardized BMIs from birth to 5 years. Parental education, family income and maternal smoking during pregnancy were considered as covariates. Linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the impact of risk factors on BMI and on being overweight at 10 years of age, respectively.Results:Birth weight, standardized BMI at 5 years (60–64 months) (β=0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73–0.81) and maternal smoking during pregnancy were positively associated with standardized BMI at 10 years of age. Standardized BMI and overweight at 5 years were strongest predictors of being overweight at 10 years. Conversely, high parental education conferred a protective effect (β=−0.15; 95% CI: −0.29 to −0.01). Being overweight at 5 years (60–64 months) increased the risk of being overweight at 10 years of age with odds ratios above 10. Among children who were predicted to be overweight at 10 years, cross-validation results showed that 76.8% of female subjects and 68.1% of male subjects would be overweight at 10 years of age.Conclusion:BMI and being overweight at 5 years of age are strong predictors of being overweight at 10 years of age. The effectiveness of targeted interventions in children who are overweight at 5 years of age should be explored.

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“…Heavier infants have higher body mass indexes (BMIs) as adults. However, studies have reported a J-or U-shaped link between birth weight and adult BMI, which indicates a higher propensity for obesity in infants with low and high birth weights (reviewed in [8][9][10]. Even when small infants tended to have lower BMIs in adult life, they were found to feature a more central pattern of fat distribution, reduced lean mass, and higher body fat (11,12).…”

Section: Developmental Programming Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental programming of adult obesity and cardiovascular disease in rodents by maternal nutrition imbalance

Remacle¹,

Bieswal²,

Bol³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Studies on fetal undernutrition have generated the hypothesis that fetal programming corresponds to an attempt of the fetus to adapt to adverse conditions encountered in utero. These adaptations would be beneficial if these conditions prevail later in life, but they become detrimental in the case of normal or plentiful nutrition and favor the appearance of the metabolic syndrome. In this article, the discussion is limited to the developmental programming of obesity and cardiovascular disorders caused by an early mismatched nutrition, particularly intrauterine growth retardation followed by postnatal catch-up growth. Selected data in humans are reviewed before evoking some mechanisms revealed or suggested by experiments in rodents. A variety of physiologic mechanisms are implicated in obesity programming, 2 of which are detailed. In some, but not all observations, hyperphagia resulting namely from perturbed development of the hypothalamic circuitry devoted to appetite regulation may contribute to obesity. Another contribution may be the developmental changes in the population of fat cell precursors in adipose tissue. Even if the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease is well established, alteration of blood pressure regulation may appear independently of obesity. A loss of diurnal variation in heart rate and blood pressure in adulthood has resulted from maternal undernutrition followed by postnatal overnutrition. Further research should clarify the effect of mismatched early nutrition on the development of brain centers regulating energy intake, energy expenditure, and circadian rhythms.

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Small for Gestational Age and Higher Birth Weight Predict Childhood Obesity in Preterm Infants

Cited by 49 publications

References 65 publications

Gestational age-dependency of height and body mass index trajectories during the first 3 years in Japanese small-for-gestational age children

Gestational age-dependency of height and body mass index trajectories during the first 3 years in Japanese small-for-gestational age children

Early life risk factors of being overweight at 10 years of age: results of the German birth cohorts GINIplus and LISAplus

Developmental programming of adult obesity and cardiovascular disease in rodents by maternal nutrition imbalance

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