Small circular- and rectangular-channel boiling with two refrigerants

Tran, Tri; Wambsganss, M.W.

doi:10.1016/0301-9322(96)00002-x

Cited by 538 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The general agreement across many studies is that the most important parameters influencing the local HTC are the local heat flux from the walls q W and the local vapor quality x [13]. For example, Tran et al [13,20] conducted experiments using several refrigerants and developed a statistical correlation for the local HTCs for micro-scale two-phase flows given by:…”

Section: Heat Transfer Coefficients For Two-phase Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pressure drops inside the channels were calculated using the homogenous model described in Section 4.2.2. For the HTCs, in order to study the effect of using different methods from the literature in the STEAM model on the accuracy, three different methods were used as case studies: Bertsch et al (2009) [22], Kandlikar et al (2004) [23] and Tran et al (1996) [20].…”

Section: Accuracy Validation Of Steammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While from an EDA perspective, errors of 10.2% could be considered to be high, it must be noted that this is a favorable result for two-phase simulations considering existing literature on this subject [13], especially for early-stage design of ICs. Moreover, STEAM provides a very effective platform for architecture-level thermal simulation, where HTCs from any of the existing studies can be easily [23] 23.7% Tran et al (1996) [20] 11.2%…”

Section: Accuracy Validation Of Steammentioning

confidence: 99%

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STEAM: A fast compact thermal model for two-phase cooling of integrated circuits

Sridhar

Madhour

Atienza

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)

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Two-phase liquid cooling of computer chips via microchannels etched directly on silicon dies is a potential long-term solution to enable continued integration of high-performance multiprocessors. Two-phase cooling refers to the heat removal via evaporation of a refrigerant flowing inside a heat sink. While possessing superior cooling properties, largescale use of this technology in the industry is limited by the lack of thermal modeling tools that can accurately predict temperatures in a two-phase cooled IC. In this paper, we propose STEAM, a new compact thermal model for 2D/3D ICs with two-phase cooling via silicon microchannels. The accuracy of the STEAM model is validated against measurements from a real two-phase cooled IC test stack reported previously in literature. Temperatures were predicted with an average error as low as 10.2% for uniform heat fluxes and 6.9% for hotspots. Finally, the STEAM model is applied to a realistic 3D multiprocessor system-on-chip (3D MPSoC) with two-phase cooling to simulate IC temperatures and the refrigerant pumping power, demonstrating the applicability of STEAM in the early-stage design of near-future high-performance computers with two-phase cooling.

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Section: Heat Transfer Coefficients For Two-phase Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accuracy Validation Of Steammentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accuracy Validation Of Steammentioning

confidence: 99%

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STEAM: A fast compact thermal model for two-phase cooling of integrated circuits

Sridhar

Madhour

Atienza

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)

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“…Flow boiling heat transfer models have been proposed and are published in past papers, based on nucleate boiling, forced convective boiling, film flow boiling and annular two phase flow boiling. Experimental results for small diameter tubes also demonstrated heat transfer coefficients that were more or less independent of vapour quality and mass flux, but strongly dependent on heat flux and saturation pressure, (Lazarek and Black (1982), Wambsganss et al (1993), Tran et al (1996), Bao et al (2000), Palm (2003), Huo et al (2007)). Conventionally, this is interpreted as evidence that nucleate boiling is the dominant heat transfer mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow boiling in a 1.1 mm tube with R134a: Experimental results and comparison with model

Shiferaw

Karayiannis

Kenning

2009

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

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A detailed comparison of the three-zone evaporation model, proposed by Thome et al. (2004), with experimental heat transfer results of two stainless steel tubes of internal diameter 4.26 mm and 2.01 mm using R134a fluid was presented by Shiferaw et al. (2006). In the current paper the comparison is extended to flow boiling in a 1.1 mm tube using R134a as the working fluid. Other parameters were varied in the range: mass flux 100-600 kg/m 2 .s; heat flux 16-150 kW/m 2 and pressure 6-12 bar.The experimental results demonstrate that the heat transfer coefficient increases with heat flux and system pressure, but does not change with vapour quality when the quality is less than about 50% for low heat and mass flux values. The effect of mass flux is observed to be insignificant. For vapour quality values greater than 50% and at high heat flux values, the heat transfer coefficient does not depend on heat flux and decreases with vapour quality. This could be caused by partial dryout. The three-zone evaporation model predicts the experimental results fairly well, especially at relatively low pressure. However, the partial dryout region is highly over-predicted by the model. The sensitivity of the performance of the model to the three optimized parameters (confined bubble frequency, initial film thickness and end film thickness) and some preliminary investigation relating the critical film thickness for dryout to measured tube roughness are also discussed.

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“…Recently, there has been interest in understanding the pressure drop for refrigerant fluids, in particular for refrigerant systems where the coolant flows through small tubes or micro-channels [6][7][8][9][10]. Tran, et al [8] have considered small tubes as those under about 3 mm in diameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop Multipliers for SUVA R-134a Flowing in a Rectangular Duct

Vassallo

Keller

2004

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Small circular- and rectangular-channel boiling with two refrigerants

Cited by 538 publications

References 12 publications

STEAM: A fast compact thermal model for two-phase cooling of integrated circuits

STEAM: A fast compact thermal model for two-phase cooling of integrated circuits

Flow boiling in a 1.1 mm tube with R134a: Experimental results and comparison with model

Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop Multipliers for SUVA R-134a Flowing in a Rectangular Duct

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