Small Bowel Review ‐ Part II

Various secondary plant metabolites or phytochemicals, including polyphenols and carotenoids, have been associated with a variety of health benefits, such as reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and several types of cancer, most likely due to their involvement in ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress. However, discrepancies exist between their putative effects when comparing observational and intervention studies, especially when using pure compounds. These discrepancies may in part be explained by differences in intake levels and their bioavailability. Prior to exerting their bioactivity, these compounds must be made bioavailable, and considerable differences may arise due to their matrix release, changes during digestion, uptake, metabolism, and biodistribution, even before considering dose‐ and host‐related factors. Though many insights have been gained on factors affecting secondary plant metabolite bioavailability, many gaps still exist in our knowledge. In this position paper, we highlight several major gaps in our understanding of phytochemical bioavailability, including effects of food processing, changes during digestion, involvement of cellular transporters in influx/efflux through the gastrointestinal epithelium, changes during colonic fermentation, and their phase I and phase II metabolism following absorption.

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Mind the gap—deficits in our knowledge of aspects impacting the bioavailability of phytochemicals and their metabolites—a position paper focusing on carotenoids and polyphenols

Bohn

McDougall

Alegrı́a

et al. 2015

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

220

145

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Preservation of Intestinal Structural Integrity by Zinc Is Independent of Metallothionein in Alcohol-Intoxicated Mice

Lambert¹,

Zhou²,

Wang³

et al. 2004

The American Journal of Pathology

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Intestinal-derived endotoxins are importantly involved in alcohol-induced liver injury. Disruption of intestinal barrier function and endotoxemia are common features associated with liver inflammation and injury due to acute ethanol exposure. Zinc has been shown to inhibit acute alcohol-induced liver injury. This study was designed to determine the inhibitory effect of zinc on alcohol-induced endotoxemia and whether the inhibition is mediated by metallothionein (MT) or is independent of MT. MT knockout (MT-KO) mice were administered three oral doses of zinc sulfate (2.5 mg zinc ion/kg body weight) every 12 hours before being administered a single dose of ethanol (6 g/kg body weight) by gavage. Ethanol administration caused liver injury as determined by increased serum transaminases, parenchymal fat accumulation, necrotic foci, and an elevation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-␣). Increased plasma endotoxin levels were detected in ethanol-treated animals whose small intestinal structural integrity was compromised as determined by microscopic examination. Zinc supplementation significantly inhibited acute ethanolinduced liver injury and suppressed hepatic TNF-␣ production in association with decreased circulating endotoxin levels and a significant protection of small intestine structure. As expected, MT levels remained undetectable in the MT-KO mice under the zinc treatment. These results thus demonstrate that zinc preservation of intestinal structural integrity is associated with suppression of endotoxemia and liver injury induced by acute exposure to ethanol and the zinc protection is independent of MT.

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The effects of long-term total parenteral nutrition on gut mucosal immunity in children with short bowel syndrome: a systematic review

Duran

2005

BMC Nurs

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Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is defined as the malabsorptive state that often follows massive resection of the small intestine. Most cases originate in the newborn period and result from congenital anomalies. It is associated with a high morbidity, is potentially lethal and often requires months, sometimes years, in the hospital and home on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Long-term survival without parenteral nutrition depends upon establishing enteral nutrition and the process of intestinal adaptation through which the remaining small bowel gradually increases its absorptive capacity. The purpose of this article is to perform a descriptive systematic review of the published articles on the effects of TPN on the intestinal immune system investigating whether longterm TPN induces bacterial translocation, decreases secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA), impairs intestinal immunity, and changes mucosal architecture in children with SBS.

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Small Bowel Review ‐ Part II

Abstract: The small bowel has undergone intense study. Part II of this review of the small bowel summarizes the current knowledge about the permeability of the gastrointestinal epithelium; the brush border membrane; motility; carbohydrates; diabetes; ethanol; diet; and diagnostic procedures.

Cited by 3 publications

References 72 publications

Mind the gap—deficits in our knowledge of aspects impacting the bioavailability of phytochemicals and their metabolites—a position paper focusing on carotenoids and polyphenols

Mind the gap—deficits in our knowledge of aspects impacting the bioavailability of phytochemicals and their metabolites—a position paper focusing on carotenoids and polyphenols

Preservation of Intestinal Structural Integrity by Zinc Is Independent of Metallothionein in Alcohol-Intoxicated Mice

The effects of long-term total parenteral nutrition on gut mucosal immunity in children with short bowel syndrome: a systematic review

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