SMAC-Based WSN Protocol-Current State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNS) have become an indispensable tool in this epoch of technological advancements, particularly for progress made in the Internet of things. Wireless sensor nodes are deployed to collect and transmit vital data from the environment to a base station for analysis. Nevertheless, the limited battery power of the sensor nodes is rapidly drained when they stay awake for an extended period. Research has shown that significant sources of energy dissipation of sensor nodes are idle listening, packet collision, control overhead, and overhearing. One optimal solution is employing a low duty cycle mac protocol, particularly the sensor mac (SMAC) protocol. It is essential to have a detailed knowledge of the challenges identified in SMAC and solutions suggested to mitigate these challenges and the future directions. In this paper, we review techniques in SMAC protocols implemented in WSNS. In particular, we provide highlights of recent developments in the schemes used in SMAC for mitigating the challenges in SMAC and present research gaps in SMAC protocol. Finally, we discuss open issues that need to be addressed to advance the design and implementation of SMAC in WSN applications.

Low-Traffic Aware Hybrid MAC (LTH-MAC) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), where battery power is a critical resource, the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer plays a vital role. Existing MAC protocols address this challenge by employing various techniques like Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) to reduce collision risks, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to assign transmission slots, and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) to prevent interference [1].…”

“…Diverse approaches characterize WSN MAC protocols. Protocols like SMAC and TMAC (combining CSMA/TDMA with sleep-wake schedules) offer improved energy efficiency but require complex synchronization [1,2]. Zebra-MAC and HyMAC achieve dynamic adaptation for traffic load, scalability, and throughput, respectively, but introduce overhead due to frequent mode switching [2].…”

“…This section presents the energy efficiency evaluation of the proposed LTH-MAC protocol compared to two benchmark protocols, SMAC [1] and ECoMAC [4]. The evaluation is based on simulations conducted with a 95% confidence interval and 10 independent runs using different random seeds for each result.…”

Next‐generation energy‐efficient optical networking: DQ‐RGK algorithm for dynamic quality of service and adaptive resource allocation

“…The implementation of the Sensor MAC (SMAC) and low‐duty‐cycle MAC protocols are included in the recommended solution. The proposed solutions and future directions are important for the purpose of resolving the challenges of the SMAC 5 . Extensive research and practical applications of machine learning (ML) in data center networks have resulted in numerous accomplishments 6 .…”

“…The proposed solutions and future directions are important for the purpose of resolving the challenges of the SMAC. 5 Extensive research and practical applications of machine learning (ML) in data center networks have resulted in numerous accomplishments. 6 By vigilant sleep mode (WSM), the optical network terminal's (ONT) optical receiver (RX) is activated and deactivated in the cyclic method.…”