Slush-Flow Questionnaire

Onesti, Lawrence J.; Hestnes, Erik

doi:10.3189/s0260305500007941

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…All except one of the slush avalanches (Fr1S, Figure ) were released in topographical depressions such as river‐cut gorges or cirques, while the wet slab avalanches occurred on open slopes. Onesti and Hestnes () stated that 70 per cent of all slush avalanches were reported to start in stream channels or shallow depressions, a result also found by Barsch et al . ().…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(). Onesti and Hestnes () found that slush avalanche tracks were in channels in 55 per cent of their studied cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We identified the starting inclination of 46º as a threshold separating the two types of avalanches. The runout zone inclination of all the observed slush avalanches is below 25º, which is also steeper than reported elsewhere (Onesti and Hestnes, ). One possible reason for this is that we assume the water content in the snowpack before or during the slush avalanche events was around the threshold value of 25 per cent given by Blikra and Nemec ().…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meteorology, Topography and Snowpack Conditions causing Two Extreme Mid‐Winter Slush and Wet Slab Avalanche Periods in High Arctic Maritime Svalbard

Eckerstorfer

Christiansen

2011

Permafrost & Periglacial

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Mid‐winter wet avalanche cycles in High Arctic Svalbard occurred during January 2010 and March 2011, allowing studies of slush and wet slab avalanche deposits. Both cycles represented extreme events in magnitude and frequency and were caused by the passage of low‐pressure atmospheric systems with positive air temperatures, high wind speeds and 100‐year record monthly rainfall. Slush avalanches were confined to river‐cut gorges, with low starting‐zone inclinations, and deposits consisting of flow lobes and levées. Wet slab avalanches were not confined topographically, started anywhere on open mountain slopes and displayed tongue‐shaped debris deposits. During both of the two wet avalanche periods analysed, snowpack conditions favoured the release of slush avalanches, as the snowpack consisted of a coarse‐grained middle section above a water‐impermeable ice layer. Such snowpack conditions are typical for central Svalbard. The resulting slush and wet slab avalanches were extreme in their size and runout distances, crossing frequently used snowmobile tracks at 20 locations and posing a threat to traffic and infrastructure. Four additional potential large‐scale slush avalanche periods were identified from analysis of the meteorological record from Longyearbyen (1912–2011). They cluster in the mid to early 1990s, with comparable meteorological conditions to the January 2010 and March 2011 wet avalanche cycles. It is concluded that the frequency and duration of low‐pressure weather systems are the dominant controls on wet snow avalanches, and that mean snow season air temperature (October–May) is of little importance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(). Onesti and Hestnes () found that slush avalanche tracks were in channels in 55 per cent of their studied cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meteorology, Topography and Snowpack Conditions causing Two Extreme Mid‐Winter Slush and Wet Slab Avalanche Periods in High Arctic Maritime Svalbard

Eckerstorfer

Christiansen

2011

Permafrost & Periglacial

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“…Slushflows are rapid mass movements of watersaturated snow (Washburn and Goldthwaite, 1958). These powerful and destructive avalanches have been noted for more than 300 years (Onesti and Hestnes, 1989) and began to be described in the scientific literature more than 30 years ago (Washburn and Goldthwaite, 1958;Rapp, 1960). However, little work has been done on slushflows as compared with other types of avalanches, partly because observations of these events are rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past decade, research directed specifically at slushflows has accelerated (e.g. Hestnes, 1985;Nyberg, 1985;Onesti, 1985;Clark and Seppalii, 1988;Onesti and Hestnes, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low‐angle slushflow in the Kirgiz Range, Kirgizstan

Elder

Kattelmann

1993

Permafrost & Periglacial

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A rare observation of a slushflow that released on a low-angle slope was made on 16 May 1992 in the West Karakol Valley, southern Kirgiz Range, Kirgizstan. The slushflow released on a short slope of 6" and travelled a distance of 140 m over a slope with a mean angle of 3" with a mean channel width of about 4 m. Total volume of snow and slush transported by the slide was more than 200 m3 with an estimated mass of 200,000 kg. Estimated velocity of the flow was 5 ms-'. Meteorological conditions preceding the event included heavy cloud cover and clear skies with warm temperatures. Rain fell for about six hours during the day before the event. Mixed rain and snow precipitation continued through the preceding night accompanied by steady high winds. The day of the release was warm with overcast skies and light rain. The snowpack was generally saturated to the surface at the time of the release, and water was flowing over the snow surface in the path of the slushflow. RESUMEUn phCnomene geomorphologique rarement dtcrit, B savoir le fluage d'une masse de neige KEY WORDS: Slushflow Avalanche Snowpack Flood

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2007

The Periglacial Environment

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Slush-Flow Questionnaire

Abstract: TABLEI.

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Meteorology, Topography and Snowpack Conditions causing Two Extreme Mid‐Winter Slush and Wet Slab Avalanche Periods in High Arctic Maritime Svalbard

Meteorology, Topography and Snowpack Conditions causing Two Extreme Mid‐Winter Slush and Wet Slab Avalanche Periods in High Arctic Maritime Svalbard

A low‐angle slushflow in the Kirgiz Range, Kirgizstan

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