Slum Clearance and Urban Renewal in the United States

Collins, William J.; Shester, Katharine L.

doi:10.1257/app.5.1.239

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…De Sousa et al [83] have estimated the impacts of publicly assisted brownfield redevelopment, showing that the increase in nearby residential property values "is significant in both quantity and geographic scope, as redevelopment led to a net increase" of housing prices in nearby surroundings. Collins and Shester [86] show that the recovery and enhancement of the existing housing stock increase income and property value of surrounding areas.…”

Section: Locational Characteristics (L)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Outwards Regeneration Effects (OREs) in Neighborhood-Based Projects: A Reversal of Perspective and the Proposal for a New Tool

Saiu

2020

Sustainability

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This paper proposes a reversal of perspective in the evaluation of Regeneration projects. Until now, attention has been mainly focused on project “internal effectiveness”, in reference to the environment and life quality improvement of the areas directly affected by the interventions. The effects induced in the wider urban context are rarely sufficiently analyzed. This aspect instead opens an important field of investigation, useful for a broader assessment of regeneration initiatives, especially with regards to Public Housing Neighborhoods where the long-term project success also depends on the positive effects it generates in the surroundings. Therefore, the aim of this research is to develop a conceptualization of “Outwards Regeneration Effects” (OREs), based on an extensive literature review, and to make it operational through a conceptual framework for the qualitative analysis. The results of this study, on the one hand, highlight several critical issues raised by the interventions implemented so far, and, on the other hand, provide a more effective assessment framework, useful in the evaluation of future projects. Further developments of such an approach could lead to the development of operational evaluation models, combining both qualitative and quantitative indicators, starting from the implementation of the proposed analytic framework.

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Section: Locational Characteristics (L)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Outwards Regeneration Effects (OREs) in Neighborhood-Based Projects: A Reversal of Perspective and the Proposal for a New Tool

Saiu

2020

Sustainability

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“…But it was under the Housing Acts of 1949 ("urban redevelopment") and 1954 ("urban renewal") that funding for demolition increased dramatically. As of 1974, the federal government had allocated almost $12 billion for clearance and redevelopment (the equivalent of $53 billion today), a figure that underestimates total government funding because it excludes local government investment (Collins and Shester 2013;HUD 1974a). The Interstate Highway System that began in 1944 and was greatly expanded by the 1956 Highway Act instigated widespread demolition.…”

Section: Background and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing Demolition during Urban Renewal

Talen

2014

City & Community

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While there continues to be much assessment of the enduring, largely negative legacy of urban renewal, there has been very little quantified, nationwide analysis at the neighborhood level. This paper contributes to the literature on urban renewal by investigating one dimension of mid-20th century urban change: housing demolition. During the middle decades of the 20th century, government-backed demolition occurred under a variety of housing and transportation programs. Because during those controversial decades no single agency kept track of what was demolished and where, I use a proxy: net loss of housing units by census tract for each decade between 1940 and 1970. I consider three hypotheses: that substandard housing and percent nonwhite in a census tract predicted its likelihood of urban renewal demolition, that the eventual outcome of urban renewal was an increase in higher-density housing, and that there was an improvement in socioeconomic factors. None of the hypotheses are supported. Quantitative, national level analysis of urban renewal has been rare, and much more is needed. Urban planners have not been able to shake off the dramatic repercussions of the mid20th century "urban renewal" period, which Jane Jacobs famously described as "the sacking of cities" (Jacobs 1961:4). Never before-and not since-has urban planning been so consequential. Policies, legislative acts, and government investment in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s elevated the role of urbanism in a national debate on human wellbeing that would seem extraordinary today, not only for its size, but for its stated intent. Renewal policies that included the desire to "lessen density" (Housing Act of 1954, Sec. 311), where mixed uses were believed to result in "inefficiency of operations" (Adde 1969:51), and where demolition was described as "renewal through destruction" (Doxiadis 1966:15), are not descriptions that would be used to characterize public housing today.To their credit, urban planners have not shied away from analyzing this enduring, largely negative legacy, and the literature on urban renewal continues to expand. Recent appraisals have uncovered the existence of more nuance and complexity than previously allowed. Beyond the well-researched story of boosterism, racism, and modernism gone awry (e.g., Hunt 2009), planners have learned that the urban renewal story requires an understanding of the cold war, globalization, and perhaps even an allowance for the cando spirit of the American Century (Zipp 2010). These complex motivations collided to create intractable conflicts, as Mollenkopf's (1983) political analysis revealed.

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“…Urban renewal mainly arises in developed Western countries [35][36][37][38][39][40]. The urban renewal development process of European and American countries represented by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France is mainly divided into three stages: (1) From the 1940s to the 1970s, demolition and reconstruction gave way to comprehensive renovation and renewal, and finally to small-scale, organic renewal in phases [41][42][43]. For example, in the mid-1960s, the Model City Plan of the United States formulated a comprehensive solution to poverty in several specific areas of large cities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Policy Concerning the Readjustment of Inefficient Urban Land Use in China Based on a Content Analysis Method

et al. 2020

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In a 21st century context characterized by the inefficient use of urban construction land, to optimize land use structure and transform resource utilization methods, it is necessary for the Chinese government to improve land use efficiency. Promoting the readjustment of inefficient urban land use has become essential. The purpose of this paper is to sort through the policies addressing the readjustment of inefficient urban land use in China, identify the promulgation date, longitudinal hierarchy, and horizontal composition of the relevant policies, and summarize the evolutionary trend of such policies. This study aims to provide a reference for the adjustment and improvement of relevant policy systems in China. The content analysis method was used in this study, and NVivo 12 software was used to compare and verify the analysis process. The results show the following: (1) A large number of relevant policies have been promulgated, with a total of 12 items from 1988 to 2012, increasing to six items annually on average from 2013 to 2019. The Communist Party of China Central Committee, the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic, the State Council and relevant ministries promulgated 13.46%, 11.54%, 28.85%, and 46.15%, respectively, of the relevant policies. (2) The existing policies are mostly issued in the form of notices, opinions, management regulations, etc.; therefore, their level of effectiveness is low, and the role of norms is weak. (3) Finally, the policy content experienced stages of initial exploration, basic establishment, and continuous improvement. It also covered aspects such as Standard Control, Market Configuration, Overall Planning, Incentive Mechanisms, Income Distribution, and Supervision Evaluation. The system for policies addressing readjustment of inefficient urban land use has basically been perfected, although post approval supervision still needs to be strengthened. Therefore, the process of readjusting inefficient urban land use should be optimized, new modes of readjustment should be constantly explored, and inefficient land use should be addressed across the entire territory.

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Slum Clearance and Urban Renewal in the United States

Cited by 49 publications

References 26 publications

Evaluating Outwards Regeneration Effects (OREs) in Neighborhood-Based Projects: A Reversal of Perspective and the Proposal for a New Tool

Evaluating Outwards Regeneration Effects (OREs) in Neighborhood-Based Projects: A Reversal of Perspective and the Proposal for a New Tool

Housing Demolition during Urban Renewal

Evolution of Policy Concerning the Readjustment of Inefficient Urban Land Use in China Based on a Content Analysis Method

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