Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is Associated With Academic Functioning and Internalizing Symptoms in College Students With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Becker, Stephen P.; Langberg, Joshua M.; Luebbe, Aaron M.; Dvorsky, Melissa R.; Flannery, Andrew J.

doi:10.1002/jclp.22046

Cited by 92 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…That is, studies have identified SCT symptoms that load much more strongly on an SCT factor than the ADHD-IN factor (Barkley 2013;Burns et al 2013;Lee et al 2014;McBurnett et al 2014;Penny et al 2009;Willcutt et al 2014). Other findings show SCT to be distinct from anxiety, depression, and daytime sleepiness (Becker et al 2014b(Becker et al , 2014bLee et al 2014;Willcutt et al 2014). Second, these studies support SCT's external validity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Although the last few years has witnessed an increasing number of studies examining the validity of the SCT construct (Becker et al 2014c), all of these studies with the exception of one study in Chile (Belmar et al 2015) and South Korea (Lee et al under review) used samples of children and adults from North America and Western Europe (e.g., Barkley 2013;Bernad et al 2014Bernad et al , 2015Becker and Langberg 2013;Becker et al 2014bBecker et al , 2015Belmar et al 2015;Burns et al 2013;Fenollar Cortés et al 2014;Jacobson et al 2012;Langberg et al 2014;Lee et al 2014;McBurnett et al 2014;Penny et al 2009;Servera et al 2015;Willcutt et al 2014). In addition, probably due to the restriction of the children to a narrow age range (a single grade), studies examining the internal validity of SCT among children in Spain only found a subset of the eight SCT symptoms to demonstrate internal validity relative to the ADHD-IN dimension (Bernad et al 2014;Bernad et al 2015;Burns et al 2013;Servera et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal and External Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention Dimensions with Teacher Ratings of Nepali Children

Khadka

Burns

Becker

2015

J Psychopathol Behav Assess

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The objective was to evaluate the validity of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and ADHD-inattention (IN) symptoms in children from Nepal. Teachers rated SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHDhyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, depression, academic impairment, social impairment, and peer rejection dimensions in 366 children (50 % girls) in first through sixth grades (M age = 9.35, SD age = 1.96) on two separate occasions separated by 4-weeks. Seven of the eight SCT symptoms and all nine ADHD-IN symptoms showed convergent validity (substantial loadings on their respective factors) and discriminant validity (higher loadings on their respective factor than the alternative factor) at both time-points. Across all three separate analyses (assessment 1, assessment 2, and from assessment 1 to assessment 2), higher SCT scores were associated with lower ADHD-HI scores and higher depression, academic impairment, and social impairment scores after controlling for ADHD-IN while higher ADHD-IN scores were associated with higher ADHD-HI, ODD, academic impairment, and peer rejection scores after controlling for SCT. Also, as hypothesized, SCT scores were not related to ODD scores after controlling for ADHD-IN. The study provides the first evidence for the internal and external validity of the SCT dimension relative to the ADHD-IN dimension with teacher ratings of children from Nepal, thereby increasing the validity of the SCT construct beyond North America, Western Europe, South America, and South Korea.

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mentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal and External Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention Dimensions with Teacher Ratings of Nepali Children

Khadka

Burns

Becker

2015

J Psychopathol Behav Assess

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“…Subsequent research partially corroborated these results, establishing that symptoms of SCT, as rated by parents and teachers, emerged as a separate, third factor when entered into analyses that included ratings of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms of ADHD (Becker, Langberg, Luebbe, Dvorsky, & Flannery, 2014;Garner, Marceaux, Mrug, Patterson, & Hodgens, 2010;Lee, Burns, Snell, & McBurnett, 2014;Willcutt et al, 2014). A recent meta-analysis, considering 23 independent studies including 19,000 participants has confirmed that SCT constitutes a factor distinct both from the ADHD inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptom dimensions (Becker et al, 2016).…”

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confidence: 87%

RETRACTED: Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Internalizing Symptoms, and Executive Function in Adults With ADHD

Leikauf

Solanto

2017

J Atten Disord

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Objective: Symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) have been considered a potential subset of symptoms of ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-I), or as a separate but related symptom dimension. We sought to characterize the relationships between SCT and both internalizing symptoms and executive functioning in adults with ADHD. Method: One hundred two adults diagnosed with ADHD completed clinical interviews and clinical rating scales. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to ascertain the independent predictive power of SCT symptoms for executive dysfunction after considering ADHD inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and internalizing symptoms. Results: SCT was correlated with ADHD inattentive symptoms and dimensional measures of depression and anxiety symptoms, but not with clinical diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorder. SCT was independently predictive of executive function deficits over and above the effects of internalizing and ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: SCT in adults is associated with internalizing symptoms, ADHD inattentive symptoms, and, independently, with executive function deficits, particularly organization and problem solving. (J. of Att. Dis. XXXX; XX(X) XX-XX)

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“…Still, mixed findings have been reported. For instance, several studies have not found SCT to be associated with academic difficulties after controlling for ADHD symptoms (e.g., Bauermeister et al 2012;Becker and Langberg 2013;Carlson and Mann 2002), whereas other studies have found SCT to remain associated with poorer academic functioning after controlling for ADHD (e.g., Becker et al 2014b;Bernad et al 2014;Burns et al 2013;Langberg et al 2014;Lee et al 2014;Servera et al 2015;Willcutt et al 2014). Interestingly, findings from one recent study suggest that SCT may relate to impairment according to parent ratings but not according to teacher ratings (Watabe et al 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SCT is characterized by inconsistent alertness (e.g., daydreams, loses train of thought, alertness fluctuates, and confusion) along with slow thinking/slow behavior (Lee et al 2014). Although an agreed-upon symptom set for SCT remains to be established (Becker 2013), research increasingly indicates that SCT and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention (ADHD-IN) symptoms represent different dimensions of psychopathology (Barkley 2013;Becker et al 2014b;Bernad et al 2014;Burns et al 2013;Fenollar Cortés et al 2014;Garner et al 2014;Lee et al 2014;McBurnett et al 2014;Penny et al 2009). It is also evident that SCT is distinct from internalizing symptoms of anxiety and depression (Becker et al 2014d;Lee et al 2014;Servera et al 2015;Willcutt et al 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention as Predictors of Externalizing, Internalizing, and Impairment Domains: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study

Bernad

Servera

Becker

et al. 2015

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Although sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention (ADHD-IN), few studies have examined whether SCT longitudinally predicts other symptom or impairment dimensions. This study used 4 sources (mothers, fathers, primary teachers, and secondary teachers) and 3 occasions of measurement (first, second, and third grades) with 758 first grade (55 % boys), 718 second grade (54 % boys), and 585 third grade (53 % boys) children from Spain to determine SCT's and ADHD-IN's unique longitudinal relationships with psychopathology, academic impairment, and social impairment over the 1- and 2-year intervals (i.e., first to third grade, second to third grade). For 1- and 2-year intervals using both mothers' and fathers' ratings, higher levels of SCT uniquely predicted higher levels of anxiety, depression, academic impairment, and social impairment whereas higher levels of ADHD-IN uniquely predicted higher levels of ADHD-HI, ODD, and academic impairment. For 1- and 2-year intervals across different primary and secondary teachers (i.e., first/second and third grade ratings were provided by different teachers), higher scores on ADHD-IN uniquely predicted poorer outcomes across domains whereas higher scores on SCT uniquely predicted lower levels of ADHD-HI and ODD for both intervals in addition to higher levels of depression (for primary teachers only), academic impairment (for 1-year interval only), and peer rejection (2-year interval only for primary teachers). Overall, SCT was significantly associated with important outcomes independent of ADHD-IN over 1- and 2-year intervals and across four different raters. This study provides further evidence for distinguishing between SCT and ADHD-IN in home and school settings.

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Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is Associated With Academic Functioning and Internalizing Symptoms in College Students With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 92 publications

References 26 publications

Internal and External Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention Dimensions with Teacher Ratings of Nepali Children

Internal and External Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention Dimensions with Teacher Ratings of Nepali Children

RETRACTED: Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Internalizing Symptoms, and Executive Function in Adults With ADHD

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention as Predictors of Externalizing, Internalizing, and Impairment Domains: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study

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