Slower Rate of Binocular Rivalry in Autism

Robertson, Caroline E.; Kravitz, Dwight J.; Freyberg, Jan; Baron‐Cohen, Simon; Baker, Chris I.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0448-13.2013

Cited by 125 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…First, binocular rivalry should be marked by slower alternations in autism, given that alternations were tied to a tendency to distrust the present. This is indeed the case: there is evidence that individuals with autism do have slower alternation in rivalry (Robertson et al 2013, though see also Said et al 2013).…”

Section: Individual Differences In Temporal Phenomenology and The Autmentioning

confidence: 94%

Distrusting the present

2015

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We use the hierarchical nature of Bayesian perceptual inference to explain a fundamental aspect of the temporality of experience, namely the phenomenology of temporal flow. The explanation says that the sense of temporal flow in conscious perception stems from probabilistic inference that the present cannot be trusted. The account begins by describing hierarchical inference under the notion of prediction error minimization, and exemplifies distrust of the present within bistable visual perception and action initiation. Distrust of the present is then discussed in relation to previous research on temporal phenomenology. Finally, we discuss how there may be individual differences in the experience of temporal flow, in particular along the autism spectrum. The resulting view is that the sense of temporal flow in conscious perception results from an internal, inferential process.

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Section: Individual Differences In Temporal Phenomenology and The Autmentioning

confidence: 94%

Distrusting the present

2015

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“…Indeed, input related to the suppressed image in binocular rivalry can be considered prediction error, because it is unex plained by the currently dominant percept. Only two studies have been performed so far, with one showing unaltered binocular rivalry in ASD (Said, Egan, Minshew, Behrmann, & Heeger, 2013) and the other finding lower switch rates and more mixed percepts (Robertson, Kravitz, Freyberg, Baron-Cohen, & Baker, 2013). Mixed percepts could be the preferred way to minimize prediction errors in ASD (i.e., less explaining away through higher level constructs and hence staying closer to the input).…”

Section: Perceptual Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precise minds in uncertain worlds: Predictive coding in autism.

Cruys¹,

Evers²,

Hallen³

et al. 2014

Psychological Review

660

795

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There have been numerous attempts to explain the enigma of autism, but existing neurocognitive theories often provide merely a refined description of 1 cluster of symptoms. Here we argue that deficits in executive functioning, theory of mind, and central coherence can all be understood as the consequence of a core deficit in the flexibility with which people with autism spectrum disorder can process violations to their expectations. More formally we argue that the human mind processes information by making and testing predictions and that the errors resulting from violations to these predictions are given a uniform, inflexibly high weight in autism spectrum disorder. The complex, fluctuating nature of regularities in the world and the stochastic and noisy biological system through which people experience it require that, in the real world, people not only learn from their errors but also need to (meta-)learn to sometimes ignore errors. Especially when situations (e.g., social) or stimuli (e.g., faces) become too complex or dynamic, people need to tolerate a certain degree of error in order to develop a more abstract level of representation. Starting from an inability to flexibly process prediction errors, a number of seemingly core deficits become logically secondary symptoms. Moreover, an insistence on sameness or the acting out of stereotyped and repetitive behaviors can be understood as attempts to provide a reassuring sense of predictive success in a world otherwise filled with error. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

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“…Three of these studies have found significant differences in binocular rivalry in ASD compared to neurotypical individuals (Freyberg et al, 2015;Robertson, Kravitz, Freyberg, Baron-Cohen, & Baker, 2013;Robertson et al, 2015), and one study found no differences (Said, Egan, Minshew, Behrmann, & Heeger, 2013). Where differences between individuals with and without ASD have been found, data concur to suggest 'slower' binocular rivalry in ASD, which is characterised by a reduced switching rate due to a longer time perceiving mixed percepts (Freyberg et al, 2015;Robertson et al, 2013Robertson et al, , 2015. Robertson and colleagues (2015) report that there is a decreased rate of perceptual suppression in ASD, which manifests as a larger amount of time perceiving a mixed percept, and less time perceiving an individual percept.…”

Section: Binocular Rivalrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring neural excitation and inhibition in autism: Different approaches, different findings and different interpretations

2016

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The balance of neural excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) is often hypothesised to be altered in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One widely held view is that excitation levels are elevated relative to inhibition in ASD. Understanding whether, and how, E/I balance may be altered in ASD is important given the recent interest in trialling pharmacological interventions for ASD which target inhibitory neurotransmitter function.Here we provide a critical review of evidence for E/I balance in ASD. We conclude that data from a number of domains provides support for alteration in excitation and inhibitory neurotransmission in ASD, but when considered collectively, the available literature provide little evidence to support claims for either a net increase in excitation or a net increase in inhibition. Strengths and limitations of available techniques are considered, and directions for future research discussed.3

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Slower Rate of Binocular Rivalry in Autism

Cited by 125 publications

References 44 publications

Distrusting the present

Distrusting the present

Precise minds in uncertain worlds: Predictive coding in autism.

Measuring neural excitation and inhibition in autism: Different approaches, different findings and different interpretations

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