Slower perception of time in depressed and suicidal patients

Cáceda, Ricardo; Carbajal, Jessica M.; Salomon, Ronald M.; Moore, Jordan; Padala, Prasad R.; Hasan, Abdullah; Delgado, Pedro L.

doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.004

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…In the case of a low level of behavioral activity characteristic for boredom (Nichelli 1996 ), the tract of time empty of experiences seems long in passing (Wearden 2016 ) causing the subject to classify stimuli as being “ longer ” than normal (Meck 1997 ). This type of distorted time estimation is reported in depressed patients (Caceda et al 2020 ; Grondin 2020 ). As pointed by Northoff et al ( 2018 ), both phenomenological and psychological investigations show that depressed patients perceive time as extremely slow and retarded relative to control subjects (for a recent meta-analysis, see (Thönes and Oberfeld 2015 )).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…We hypothesized that ketamine isomers and psilocybin-like compounds may produce time underestimation, purportedly contributing to their therapeutic properties. This is because depressed patients experience timing distortion and report that the “ time is dragging ,” and when tested, they overestimate the cues of long durations (Caceda et al 2020 ); see “Discussion.” We thus attempted to replicate Cheng et al ( 2006 ) findings with ( R,S )-ketamine in the temporal discrimination task (Killeen et al 1997 ) using ( S )- and ( R )-ketamine enantiomers as they produce different subjective effects in humans (see above). We also investigated the effects of psilocybin as well as its metabolite psilocin, and the novel psilocybin derivative, norpsilocin (Sherwood et al 2020 ); as to the best of our knowledge, their effects on timing in rats have not been reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of ketamine optical isomers, psilocybin, psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats

et al. 2022

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Rationale Ketamine and psilocybin belong to the rapid-acting antidepressants but they also produce psychotomimetic effects including timing distortion. It is currently debatable whether these are essential for their therapeutic actions. As depressed patients report that the “time is dragging,” we hypothesized that ketamine and psilocybin-like compounds may produce an opposite effect, i.e., time underestimation, purportedly contributing to their therapeutic properties. Objectives Timing was tested following administration of (R)- and (S)-ketamine, and psilocybin, psilocin, and norpsilocin in the discrete-trial temporal discrimination task (TDT) in male rats. Timing related to premature responses, and cognitive and unspecific effects of compounds were tested in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in the standard 1-s, and “easier” 2-s stimulus duration conditions, as well as in the vITI variant promoting impulsive responses. Results (S)-ketamine (15 but not 3.75 or 7.5 mg/kg) shifted psychometric curve to the right in TDT and reduced premature responses in 5-CSRTT, suggesting expected time underestimation, but it also decreased the accuracy of temporal discrimination and increased response and reward latencies, decreased correct responses, and increased incorrect responses. While (R)-ketamine did not affect timing and produced no unspecific actions, it reduced incorrect responses in TDT and increased accuracy in 5-CSRTT, suggesting pro-cognitive effects. Psilocin and psilocybin produced mainly unspecific effects in both tasks, while norpsilocin showed no effects. Conclusions Time underestimation produced by (S)-ketamine could be associated with its antidepressant effects; however, it was accompanied with severe behavioral disruption. We also hypothesize that behavioral disruption produced by psychedelics objectively reflects their psychotomimetic-like actions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

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confidence: 99%

Effects of ketamine optical isomers, psilocybin, psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats

et al. 2022

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“…Other researchers suggests that time perception mechanisms are derived from a hybrid model with a partially distributed timing mechanism, which includes a core network -the corticothalamic-basal ganglia (CTBG) circuit -and areas that are selectively engaged by different behavioral contexts come into play in different contexts (10). Time perception is also influenced by patients' age and mood (13)(14)(15). Several studies reported reduced timing abilities in older adults (14) and age-related changes in time perception can be a potential cognitive marker for neurodegenerative diseases, although there is still conflicting evidence regardingthis subject (14, 16,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Time perception is also influenced by patients' age and mood ( 13 – 15 ). Several studies reported reduced timing abilities in older adults ( 14 ) and age-related changes in time perception can be a potential cognitive marker for neurodegenerative diseases, although there is still conflicting evidence regardingthis subject ( 14 , 16 , 17 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time perception changes in stroke patients: A systematic literature review

et al. 2022

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IntroductionTime perception comprises the subjective experience of passing of time and of the duration of an event. Although already described in some neurological and psychiatric conditions, there is a paucity of details regarding this neurocognitive change in stroke patients. We aimed to describe time perception dysfunction in stroke patient.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the literature in Pubmed, PsycInfo and EMBASE including manuscripts from their inception until December 2020. We collected data regarding the type of time perception that was detected, type of stroke, most common location of lesions, evaluation tests that were used and time of evaluation after stroke onset.ResultsA total of 27 manuscripts were selected, concerning a total of 418 patients (n = 253 male; 60.5%). Most manuscripts (n = 21) evaluated patients with ischaemic lesions (n = 407; 97.4%). The majority referred to evaluations between 2 months and seven years after stroke. Underestimation in temporal evaluation in sub- and supra-second was the most common dysfunction (n = 165; 41.7%). Overestimation of time (n = 116; 27.8%) and impaired time interval comparison (n = 88; 22.2%) were also found. Most patients had right hemisphere lesions (n = 219 patients; 52.4%). Common reported lesion locations included the thalamus, insula, basal ganglia, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex including supramarginal, angular gyrus and right inferior parietal cortex and cerebellum.ConclusionThere are multiple stroke locations associated with time perception dysfunction, which highlights the complex system involved in time perception. There is still scarce knowledge about specific time perception deficits after stroke. Most studies rely in psychometric analysis without clear clinical and functional translation, namely regarding impact on daily activities.

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“…Several studies reported reduced timing abilities in older adults (14) and age-related changes in time perception can be a potential cognitive marker for neurodegenerative diseases, although there is still conflicting evidence regardingthis subject (14, 16,17). Depressed and suicidal patients also present changes in time perception, namely the experience of time dilation or slower time flow (15). The effect of patients' literacy in time perception is less clear (13,16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Slower perception of time in depressed and suicidal patients

Cited by 21 publications

References 80 publications

Effects of ketamine optical isomers, psilocybin, psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats

Effects of ketamine optical isomers, psilocybin, psilocin and norpsilocin on time estimation and cognition in rats

Time perception changes in stroke patients: A systematic literature review

Table_1.docx

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