Slow steaming application for short-sea shipping to comply with the CII regulation

Abstract

Slow steaming is an effective operational measure that reduces fuel consumption and thus emissions on board. With the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) regulation coming into force in 2023 from the International Maritime Organization (IMO), ships will have to reduce their CO2 emissions even more. The practice of slow steaming is an important measure to comply with this regulation. In this study, real voyage data of a general cargo ship was used. The changes in fuel consumption, CO2, CH4, N2O, and BC emissions, 20-year global warming potential (GWP20), and 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) of the ship were analysed under different scenarios (75%, 38%, 27%, and 19% main engine load), and the voyage expenses and cost-benefit ratio were calculated. At 38% main engine load, 31.5% less emissions were released than at 75% main engine load. At 27% and 19% main engine load, the emission reduction was 40.6% and 50.1%, respectively. The CO2 reduction target of 40% by 2030 and 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels in the IMO Initial GHG Strategy was achieved with slow steaming. As CO2 emissions decreased due to the application of slow steaming, this had a positive impact on the ship's CII rating and it remained at the A rating without further action. Nevertheless, it remains at the A rating with slow steaming, the amount of emissions varies depending on the rate of application of slow steaming in three different scenarios, and this shows that the environmental impact of each A rating is not the same. The results of the economic analysis show that operating costs increase and fuel costs decrease when the travel time is extended with slow steaming. As a result, the total voyage expenses decreased by up to 23.3%.

Network Disruptions and Ripple Effects: Queueing Model, Simulation, and Data Analysis of Port Congestion

“…This finding indicates that herding behavior can lead to reduced efficiency in the transportation system. Moreover, as a high sailing speed generates more emissions [28], the speed-up strategy is a lose-lose strategy regarding the environment and efficiency. To improve efficiency, ship operators are advised to maintain regular sailing speeds and avoid sudden adjustments that can destabilize the system without providing substantial benefits.…”

An Approach to Green Ports in Terms of Low-Carbon Energy and Sustainability

“…The maritime industry, ships and ports, currently relies heavily on fossil fuels as its primary energy source (Zincir, 2022c(Zincir, , 2023. Shifting towards low or zerocarbon fuels is a crucial pathway to achieve decarbonization in shipping (Inal, Charpentier, et al, 2022).…”

“…Shifting towards low or zerocarbon fuels is a crucial pathway to achieve decarbonization in shipping (Inal, Charpentier, et al, 2022). Currently, liquefied natural gas (Schinas and Butler, 2016), biomass fuels (Sevim and Zincir, 2022Zincir, , 2023, and hydrogen energy (Inal, 2023) are emerging as promising clean alternatives for the maritime sector.…”

Environmental and Economic Aspects of a Containership Engine Performance in Off-Design Conditions

“…The authors concluded that despite the need for additional ships when slow steaming is applied, the operating cost of additional ships is lower than the savings in fuel consumption. Zincir [24] conducted an economic analysis based on real voyage data of a general cargo ship and concluded that when slow steaming is applied, operating costs increase and fuel costs decrease, i.e., the total costs per voyage decrease by approximately 23%. During slow steaming, the ships sail in off-design conditions and their resistance and propulsion characteristics are notably different compared to those at the designed speed [25].…”