Slow sand filtration for water and wastewater treatment – a review

Verma, Srishti; Daverey, Achlesh; Sharma, Archana

doi:10.1080/21622515.2016.1278278

Cited by 110 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…A well-developed schmutzdecke is necessary for pathogen removal. Schmutzdecke is primary contributor to the filtration process while secondary contributors are microbes attached to sand particle in deeper part of SSF (Verma et al, 2017).…”

Section: Slow Sand Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofiltration technique for removal of waterborne pathogens

Maurya

Singh

Kumar

2020

Waterborne Pathogens

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Section: Slow Sand Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofiltration technique for removal of waterborne pathogens

Maurya

Singh

Kumar

2020

Waterborne Pathogens

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“…The sand acts as a good filtration medium. The sand filtration is a combination of physical, chemical and biological process as it removes turbidity, organic matter and microorganisms (Verma et al 2017;Lechevallier and Au 2004). Coarse particles help to remove suspended solids, whereas fine particles remove ions by adsorption and ion exchange mechanism (Chidambaram et al 2003).…”

Section: Mechanism Of the Adsorption Process In The Sand Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment and effective utilization of greywater

2019

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Sustainable management aims at the governance of natural resources to meet the needs of future generations. The limited resources of freshwater in arid regions have led to the development of alternative water management strategies. To meet the future challenges of water scarcity, an attempt has been made in this study to utilize treated greywater obtained by gravitygoverned filtration technique and disinfection for domestic usage. The study addresses the possibilities of groundwater recharge with the treated greywater. The method focuses on a gravity-governed flow through a column containing activated carbon, sand and gravel. The greywater used for the treatment contains a mixture of equal proportions of water collected from three different sources such as kitchen sink, shower and washing machine in Fahaheel, Salmiya and Farwaniya areas of Kuwait. The study concluded that for a volume of 1167 cm 3 filtration media used, the designed column was 34% effective for first 1100 mL of greywater. Later, the column was regenerated by washing with distilled water and the regenerated column still proved to be effective with a removal efficiency of 26% for next 600 mL of greywater. The quality of the treated greywater was assessed in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as per the standard methods to check the suitability for domestic purposes. The results obtained were also compared with the groundwater quality of Kuwait group and Dammam aquifers, and it was inferred to be at par with their quality. The TDS of treated greywater has been reduced from 4910 to 1508 mg/L, which is also lower than the TDS in groundwater of both the aquifers, and pH was reduced from 10.29 to 7.94. The present study proved its efficiency equally to other existing methods, and the efficiency of removal for some of the analyzed parameters was measured as 23%, 95%, 52%, 88%, 100% and 100% for pH, color, TDS, turbidity, total coliform and E. coli, respectively. Hence, the study is simple and cost-effective approach that can be adopted for the treatment and reused greywater for domestic and agriculture and also for recharging the aquifers to prevent saltwater intrusion along the coastal aquifers.

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“…However, there is still a significant knowledge gap regarding the suitability of SSF as anaerobic treatment of wastewater and the reduction of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) 21 . Also insights in the efficiency of biochar as an alternative filter material to sand for anaerobic slow sand filtration, further designated as anaerobic biofiltration (AnBF), are scarce.…”

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confidence: 99%

Slow sand filtration of raw wastewater using biochar as an alternative filtration media

Kaetzl

Lübken

Nettmann

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The efficiency of anaerobic biofilters (AnBF) as low-cost wastewater treatment systems was investigated. Miscanthus-biochar was used as filtration media and compared with sand as a common reference material. Raw sewage from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was stored in a sedimentation tank for two days to allow pre-settlement of wastewater particles. Subsequently, wastewater was treated by AnBFs at 22 °C room temperature at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.05 m•h −1 with an empty bed contact time of 14.4 h and a mean organic loading rate of 509 ± 173 g coD •m −3 •d −1 . Mean removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of biochar filters was with 74 ± 18% significantly higher than of sand filters (61 ± 12%). In contrast to sand filters with a mean reduction of 1.18 ± 0.31 log-units, E. coli removal through biochar was with 1.35 ± 0.27 log-units significantly higher and increased with experimental time. Main removal took place within the schmutzdecke, a biologically active dirt layer that develops simultaneously on the surface of filter beds. Since the E. coli contamination of both filter materials was equal, the higher removal efficiency of biochar filters is probably a result of an improved biodegradation within deeper zones of the filter bed. Overall, performance of biochar filters was better or equal compared to sand and have thus demonstrated the suitability of Miscanthus-biochar as filter media for wastewater treatment.www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ degradation during storage time. To avoid sedimentation, the storage reservoir was continuously stirred (IKA RW 10 R, IKA-Werke, Staufen, Germany) and renewed every two days.The filters were fed by peristaltic pumps (Watson Marlow 205 S and Watson Marlow 323 S; Falmouth, United Kingdom) with a constant HLR of 0.05 m•h −1 . The mean organic surface load was 366 ± 125 g COD •m −2 •d −1 and 111 ± 37 g TOC •m −2 •d −1 , respectively. This resulted in a mean OLR of 509 ± 173 g COD •m −3 •d −1 and 154 ± 52 g TOC •m −3 •d −1 (Table 1). The experiment was performed at constant room temperature (22 ± 1 °C) with an empty bed contact time of 14.4 h.Sampling. Before the first sampling filters were operated with wastewater for six days. Samples of influent and effluent were taken in sterile 50 mL tubes and tested immediately for FIB E. coli and enterococci, temperature, pH, EC and turbidity as well as stored for further physico-chemical analysis, namely NH 4 -N, P tot , COD and TOC at −20 °C. To develop a removal profile over filter depth, water samples were taken at the sampling ports (b), (c), (e) and the effluent (f, Fig. 6) 50 days after filter activation and analyzed for FIB concentrations.After 70 days, one sand and one biochar filter have been dismantled to sample filter material at the filter depths 0-5 cm (direct below the schmutzdecke), 10-15 cm, 20-25 cm and 40-45 cm. Filter material was tested for FIB and prepared for scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (cLSM) analysis. Scientific RepoRtS |(2...

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Slow sand filtration for water and wastewater treatment – a review

Cited by 110 publications

References 81 publications

Biofiltration technique for removal of waterborne pathogens

Biofiltration technique for removal of waterborne pathogens

Treatment and effective utilization of greywater

Slow sand filtration of raw wastewater using biochar as an alternative filtration media

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