Slot-Die-Printed Two-Dimensional ZrS₃ Charge Transport Layer for Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

Abstract

Liquid-phase exfoliation of zirconium trisulfide (ZrS3) was used to produce stable and ready-to-use inks for solution-processed semiconductor thin-film deposition. Ribbon-like layered crystals of ZrS3 were produced by the chemical vapor transport method and were then exfoliated in three different solvents: dimethylformamide, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol. The resulting ZrS3 dispersions were compared for stability and the ability to form continuous films on top of the perovskite layer in light-emitting diodes with the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbBr3/2D-ZrS3/LiF/Al structure. Film deposition was performed by using either spray or slot-die coating methods. The slot-die coating route proved to produce better and more uniform films with respect to spray coating. We found that the 2D ZrS3 electron injection layer (EIL) stabilized the interface between the perovskite and LiF/Al cathode, reducing the turn-on voltage to 2.8 V and showing a luminance that does not degrade during voltage sweep. On the other hand, EIL-free devices show electroluminescence on the first voltage sweep that reduces almost to zero in the subsequent sweeps. Combining physical device simulation and density functional theory calculation, we are able to explain these results in terms of lowering the electron injection barrier at the cathode.

Nanotoxicity of ZrS3 Probed in a Bioluminescence Test on E. coli Bacteria: The Effect of Evolving H2S

“…This material was highly crystalline, as illustrated by the XRD spectrum in Figure 1c. The peaks in the XRD spectrum are narrow and sharp, and their positions agree well with prior literature reports for ZrS 3 crystals [27,31,39,41]. A representative SEM image of the ZrS 3 crystals is shown in Figure 1d.…”

“…While some crystals form on the quartz surface ( Figure 1 b), most of the ZrS 3 grows directly on a foil forming a spongy material comprising disordered ZrS 3 nanobelt crystals. This material was highly crystalline, as illustrated by the XRD spectrum in Figure 1 c. The peaks in the XRD spectrum are narrow and sharp, and their positions agree well with prior literature reports for ZrS 3 crystals [ 27 , 31 , 39 , 41 ]. A representative SEM image of the ZrS 3 crystals is shown in Figure 1 d. The crystals had a nanobelt shape, which reflects their quasi-1D crystal structure ( Figure 1 a) with the b crystallographic direction of 1D chains corresponding to the long axes of the crystals.…”

“…Furthermore, the results of a recent angle-resolved photoluminescence study suggested that because of its highly anisotropic band structure [31] and emission properties ZrS3 could be potentially employed in biomedical applications [32]. The breadth While no TMTC has been a subject of nanotoxicity studies, this work was specifically focused on ZrS 3 , which was shown theoretically and experimentally to be a promising material for charge transport layers in perovskite light-emitting diodes [27], battery cathodes [28], nonlinear optics [29], photovoltaics and photocatalysis [30]. Furthermore, the results of a recent angle-resolved photoluminescence study suggested that because of its highly anisotropic band structure [31] and emission properties ZrS 3 could be potentially employed in biomedical applications [32].…”

Nonuniform Debye Temperatures in Quasi-One-Dimensional Transition-Metal Trichalcogenides

“…Synthesis of TiS 3 nanowhiskers was achieved by a direct reaction of vapors of sulfur with metallic titanium in vacuum-sealed quartz ampules heated to 550 °C, as described in previous literature. − Nanowhiskers of ZrS 3 were synthesized by making metallic zirconium react with sulfur vapors in vacuum-sealed quartz ampules at a higher temperature (800 °C). , TiS 3 and ZrS 3 are isostructural crystals that belong to the P 2 1 / m space group. The lattice constants for TiS 3 are a = 4.9728(6) Å, b = 3.4055(4) Å, c = 8.8146(15) Å, and β = 97.56(1)°; whereas the lattice constants for ZrS 3 are a = 5.1107(4) Å, b = 3.6179(2) Å, c = 8.9725(5) Å, with the cant angle being β = 97.64(1)°, as described elsewhere …”

“…22−24 Nanowhiskers of ZrS 3 were synthesized by making metallic zirconium react with sulfur vapors in vacuum-sealed quartz ampules at a higher temperature (800 °C). 25,26 5) Å, with the cant angle being β = 97.64(1)°, as described elsewhere. 20 The temperature-dependent S 2p core-level XPS measurements were performed in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber, using a SPECS X-ray Al anode (hv = 1486.6 eV) source and a hemispherical electron analyzer (PHI Model 10− 360), which has an angular acceptance of ±10°.…”