“…A common piece of equipment in use for testing and evaluating road conditions is the road condition sensor (RCS), which can be used in the embedded measurement mode (Habib and Mohammed, 2017;Troiano et al, 2010;Zhi et al, 2015) or noncontact measurement mode (Casselgren et al, 2012a(Casselgren et al, , 2012bCasselgren et al, 2007;Ewan et al, 2013;Piccardi and Colace, 2019;Ruiz-Llata et al, 2017;Viikari et al, 2009) to classify the road conditions with high accuracy. The embedded measurement mode exhibits good reliability but needs to be embedded in the asphalt, with consequent maintenance problems and costs, whereas the noncontact measurement mode is more flexible.…”