Slip distributions on active normal faults measured from LiDAR and field mapping of geomorphic offsets: an example from L'Aquila, Italy, and implications for modelling seismic moment release

Wilkinson, M.; Roberts, Gerald; McCaffrey, Ken; Cowie, P. A.; Walker, Joanna Faure; Papanikolaou, Ioannis; Phillips, R. J.; Michetti, Alessandro Maria; Vittori, E.; Gregory, L. C.; Wedmore, L. N. J.; Watson, Zoë K.

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.04.026

Cited by 80 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Surface fault traces of normal faults in the central Apennines are drawn in Google Earth TM based on fieldwork (>10,000 measurements at >800 sites [from Morewood and Roberts, 2000;Roberts and Michetti, 2004;Papanikolaou et al, 2005;Papanikolaou and Roberts, 2007;Roberts, 2008;Faure Walker et al, 2010Wilkinson et al, 2015;Mildon et al, 2016], satellite imagery, and geological maps). The field measurements are used to check that the strike of the surface traces drawn in Google Earth TM is a good representation of the true fault strike (for faults where there is limited field data coverage); there is good agreement between the traces and the field data.…”

Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluating models of Coulomb stress transfer: Is variable fault geometry important?

Mildon¹,

Toda²,

Walker³

et al. 2018

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To determine the importance of receiver fault geometry in Coulomb stress calculations a new methodology is presented to model faults with variable geometry. Although most models use planar faults, it is known that these are inaccurate representations of faults observed in the field. The central Italian Apennines are chosen as a straightforward tectonic system with well-exposed normal faults to investigate the effect of variable geometry. It is shown that the static Coulomb stress transfer is most sensitive to changes in strike of the receiver faults, rather than changes in dip and rake. Therefore, a novel methodology to generate strike-variable faults composed of discrete rectangular patches is developed. Using the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (M w = 6.3) the calculated stress transferred to planar versus variable faults is assessed. The stress transferred to variable faults is sufficiently different when compared to planar cases to merit other earthquake sequences being reassessed with available fault geometry.

show abstract

Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are numerous slip distributions published for this earthquake, see Wilkinson et al [2015] for a summary. The most prominent feature in all these slip distributions is that the highest slip occurs close to but southeast of the center of the fault plane and the slip forms a bulls-eye pattern around this point of maximum slip.…”

Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating models of Coulomb stress transfer: Is variable fault geometry important?

Mildon¹,

Toda²,

Walker³

et al. 2018

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We model 97 faults in the central Apennines that show evidence of activity since the demise of the LGM as receiver faults. The fault map is constructed from geological maps of the region with evidence for Holocene activity from field mapping of post‐LGM geomorphic offsets [ Morewood and Roberts , ; Cowie and Roberts , ; Roberts et al , ; Roberts and Michetti , ; Papanikolaou et al , ; Faure Walker et al , , ; Wilkinson et al , ]. This probably includes all major faults (i.e., with slip rate > ~0.1 mm yr −1 ) in the region as (a) slip rates as low as 0.1 mm yr −1 would produce cumulative offsets of 100 m over 1 Ma that would be resolvable on geological maps, (b) if significant contributors to the overall strain were missing then correlations between geodetic and geologic measurements of strain and between strain rate and topography would not hold [e.g., D'Agostino et al , ; Cowie et al , ], and (c) no significant clusters of microseismicity have occurred outside areas surrounding mapped faults during the last 30 years [ Boncio et al , ].…”

Section: Model Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 667 year record of coseismic and interseismic Coulomb stress changes in central Italy reveals the role of fault interaction in controlling irregular earthquake recurrence intervals

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Current studies of fault interaction lack sufficiently long earthquake records and measurements of fault slip rates over multiple seismic cycles to fully investigate the effects of interseismic loading and coseismic stress changes on the surrounding fault network. We model elastic interactions between 97 faults from 30 earthquakes since 1349 A.D. in central Italy to investigate the relative importance of co‐seismic stress changes versus interseismic stress accumulation for earthquake occurrence and fault interaction. This region has an exceptionally long, 667 year record of historical earthquakes and detailed constraints on the locations and slip rates of its active normal faults. Of 21 earthquakes since 1654, 20 events occurred on faults where combined coseismic and interseismic loading stresses were positive even though ~20% of all faults are in “stress shadows” at any one time. Furthermore, the Coulomb stress on the faults that experience earthquakes is statistically different from a random sequence of earthquakes in the region. We show how coseismic Coulomb stress changes can alter earthquake interevent times by ~103 years, and fault length controls the intensity of this effect. Static Coulomb stress changes cause greater interevent perturbations on shorter faults in areas characterized by lower strain (or slip) rates. The exceptional duration and number of earthquakes we model enable us to demonstrate the importance of combining long earthquake records with detailed knowledge of fault geometries, slip rates, and kinematics to understand the impact of stress changes in complex networks of active faults.

show abstract

“…So far, this modern technology has been used for fault mapping at regional-to microscale coverage with up to millimetre resolution (e.g. Arrowsmith and Zielke, 2009;Begg and Mouslopoulou, 2010;Wilkinson et al, 2010Wilkinson et al, , 2015Bubeck et al, 2015). Further, the visualisation of bare-earth topography at a regional scale (Cunningham et al, 2006) and the detection of roughness changes along fault scarps (Wiatr et al, 2015) are scopes of application.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3-D visualisation of palaeoseismic trench stratigraphy and trench logging using terrestrial remote sensing and GPR – a multiparametric interpretation

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Two normal faults on the island of Crete and mainland Greece were studied to test an innovative workflow with the goal of obtaining a more objective palaeoseismic trench log, and a 3-D view of the sedimentary architecture within the trench walls. Sedimentary feature geometries in palaeoseismic trenches are related to palaeoearthquake magnitudes which are used in seismic hazard assessments. If the geometry of these sedimentary features can be more representatively measured, seismic hazard assessments can be improved. In this study more representative measurements of sedimentary features are achieved by combining classical palaeoseismic trenching techniques with multispectral approaches. A conventional trench log was firstly compared to results of ISO (iterative self-organising) cluster analysis of a true colour photomosaic representing the spectrum of visible light. Photomosaic acquisition disadvantages (e.g. illumination) were addressed by complementing the data set with active near-infrared backscatter signal image from tLiDAR measurements. The multispectral analysis shows that distinct layers can be identified and it compares well with the conventional trench log. According to this, a distinction of adjacent stratigraphic units was enabled by their particular multispectral composition signature. Based on the trench log, a 3-D interpretation of attached 2-D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles collected on the vertical trench wall was then possible. This is highly beneficial for measuring representative layer thicknesses, displacements, and geometries at depth within the trench wall. Thus, misinterpretation due to cutting effects is minimised. This manuscript combines multiparametric approaches and shows (i) how a 3-D visualisation of palaeoseismic trench stratigraphy and logging can be accomplished by combining t-LiDAR and GPR techniques, and (ii) how a multispectral digital analysis can offer additional advantages to interpret palaeoseismic and stratigraphic data. The multispectral data sets are stored allowing unbiased input for future (re)investigations.

show abstract

Slip distributions on active normal faults measured from LiDAR and field mapping of geomorphic offsets: an example from L'Aquila, Italy, and implications for modelling seismic moment release

Cited by 80 publications

References 35 publications

Evaluating models of Coulomb stress transfer: Is variable fault geometry important?

Evaluating models of Coulomb stress transfer: Is variable fault geometry important?

A 667 year record of coseismic and interseismic Coulomb stress changes in central Italy reveals the role of fault interaction in controlling irregular earthquake recurrence intervals

3-D visualisation of palaeoseismic trench stratigraphy and trench logging using terrestrial remote sensing and GPR – a multiparametric interpretation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About