Sleep–waking discharge patterns of ventrolateral preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons in rats

Szymusiak, Ronald; Alam, Noor; Steininger, Teresa L.; McGinty, Dennis

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00631-3

Cited by 425 publications

(348 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The number of Fos-immunoreactive (-IR) neurons in this region was directly proportional to the number of minutes of sleep during the previous hour (Sherin et al, 1996), in good agreement with electrophysiological studies showing that sleep-active neurons, with firing rates two to three times faster during sleep than during wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al, 1995;Szymusiak et al, 1998).…”

Section: Abstract: Preoptic Area; Hypothalamus; Rem Sleep; Nrem Sleesupporting

confidence: 82%

“…They hypothesized that sleep is provoked by stimulation of the remaining thermosensitive neurons that stimulate sleep and recently reported that within the VLPO 28% of sleep-active neurons are warm sensitive as well (Szymusiak et al, 1998). Thus, the sleep deficits reported in previous studies (Nauta, 1946;Sterman and Clemente, 1962a,b) might have in part reflected thermoregulatory deficits.…”

Section: Methods For Defining the Vlpo And The Extended Vlpomentioning

confidence: 95%

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Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and REM Sleep

Lü¹,

et al. 2000

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Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) in rats show c-fos activation after sleep and provide GABAergic innervation of the major monoamine arousal systems, suggesting that they may be a necessary part of the brain circuitry that produces sleep. We examined the effects on sleep behavior in rats of cell-specific damage to the VLPO by microinjection of ibotenic acid. Severe lesions of the central cell cluster of the VLPO (ϳ80-90% cell loss bilaterally) caused a 60-70% decrease in delta power and a 50-60% decrease in nonrapid-eyemovement (NREM) sleep time ( p Ͻ 0.001). The number of remaining Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the VLPO cell cluster was linearly related to NREM sleep time (r ϭ 0.77; p Ͻ 0.001) and total electroencephalogram delta power (r ϭ 0.79; p Ͻ 0.001) but not to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep (r ϭ 0.35; p Ͼ 0.10). Lesions in the region containing scattered VLPO neurons medial or dorsal to the cell cluster caused smaller changes in NREM sleep time (24.5 or 15%, respectively) but were more closely associated with loss of REM sleep (r ϭ 0.74; p Ͻ 0.01). The insomnia caused by bilateral VLPO lesions persisted for at least 3 weeks. Lesions of the VLPO caused no change in mean body temperature or its circadian variation; after small lesions of the ventromedial preoptic nucleus, body temperature showed normal circadian variation but a wider temperature range, and sleep behavior was not affected. These experiments delineate distinct preoptic sites with primary effects on the regulation of NREM sleep, REM sleep, and body temperature. Key words: preoptic area; hypothalamus; REM sleep; NREM sleep; thermoregulation; circadian rhythmsThe involvement of the preoptic area and adjacent basal forebrain in sleep regulation has been recognized since von Economo (1930) reported that lesions of this region cause prolonged insomnia in humans. Nauta (1946) demonstrated that preopticbasal forebrain lesions cause insomnia in rats, and Sterman and Clemente (1962a,b) demonstrated similar effects in cats. These experimental studies used electrolytic or mechanical lesions that not only destroyed neuronal cell bodies but also damaged fibers of passage. More recent studies using chemical toxins to ablate the neuronal cell bodies in this area in rats and cats have confirmed the production of insomnia (Szymusiak and McGinty, 1986;Sallanon et al., 1989;John and Kumar, 1998). However, these studies used large lesions and hence could not identify a specific neuronal population that was responsible for the deficit in sleep regulation.Recently, Sherin et al. (1996) identified a specific population of neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) that show Fos immunoreactivity after sleep (sleep-positive neurons). The number of Fos-immunoreactive (-IR) neurons in this region was directly proportional to the number of minutes of sleep during the previous hour (Sherin et al., 1996), in good agreement with electrophysiological studies showing that sleep-active neurons, with firing rates two to three times faster during...

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Section: Abstract: Preoptic Area; Hypothalamus; Rem Sleep; Nrem Sleesupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Methods For Defining the Vlpo And The Extended Vlpomentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and REM Sleep

Lü¹,

et al. 2000

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“…During prolonged wakefulness, as ATP is degraded to ADP, AMP, and eventually adenosine, extracellular adenosine levels rise in some parts of the brain, including the basal forebrain (see Landolt, 2008 for a review). It has been hypothesized that, once adenosine reaches sufficient concentrations after prolonged wakefulness, it has an inhibitory action on the wake-promoting neural circuitry of the basal forebrain and probably activates VLPO neurons by reducing inhibitory Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inputs Accordingly, after sleep depriva tion, VLPO neurons fire about twice as fast as they do during normal sleep, implying that they are under the influence of homeostatic factors that reflect sleep need (Lu et al, 2002;Saper et al, 2005a;Sherin et al, 1996;Szymusiak et al, 1998). In humans, there is evidence that adenosinergic neurotransmission plays a role in NREM sleep homeostasis.…”

Section: Circadian and Homeostatic Impetus For Wakefulnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Keeps Us Awake?—the Role of Clocks and Hourglasses, Light, and Melatonin

Cajochen

Chellappa

Schmidt

2010

International Review of Neurobiology

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“…Moreover, Szymusiak et al (Szymusiak et al, 1998) showed that the VLPO sleep promoting neurons increase their firing rate at sleep onset and that the firing rate increases proportionally with sleep depth. This progressive increase is mirrored at the brainstem neurons by a progressive decrease in their firing rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Unique Pattern of Sleep Structure is Found to be Identical at all Cortical Sites: a Neurobiological Interpretation

Merica

Fortune²

2003

Cerebral Cortex

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There is substantial evidence both at the cellular and at the electroencephalogram (EEG) level to support the view that the brainstem activating systems control the sleep-state (stage) progression over time that constitutes the overall sleep structure as seen at the EEG. We argue here that the brainstem therefore modulates the time-courses of spectral power in the different EEG frequency bands. These show during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep a very particular interrelationship the origin of which has received little attention and for which the neuronal transition probability model for sleep structure has proposed a physiological explanation. We advance the hypothesis that if the brainstem is modulating these time-courses then they should show a marked similarity in shape and timing at all sites. Using data from 10 healthy subjects, we measure the degree of similarity of the time-courses over each of the first four NREM episodes at the frontal, central and parietal sites, for each of the frequency bands beta, sigma and delta, and also the cortically generated slow oscillation. All the crosscorrelation coefficients are high and statistically significant, indicating that the shape and timing of these time-courses are practically identical at different sites despite regional differences in their average power levels. These results tend to suggest that two processes may operate concurrently: the brainstem controls the shape and timing of the power time-courses while cortical-thalamic interaction controls their site-dependent average power.

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Sleep–waking discharge patterns of ventrolateral preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons in rats

Cited by 425 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and REM Sleep

Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and REM Sleep

What Keeps Us Awake?—the Role of Clocks and Hourglasses, Light, and Melatonin

A Unique Pattern of Sleep Structure is Found to be Identical at all Cortical Sites: a Neurobiological Interpretation

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