Sleep Quality among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in the East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract

Poor sleep is related to type 2 diabetes and adversely influences a person’s quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), its associated factors, and its relationship with quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a primary care clinic in a tertiary hospital on the east coast of Malaysia. This study included 350 participants (175 men and 175 women). Data were collected using the Malay version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-M) with a cut-off point of >5 as poor sleep, the Malay version of Diabetes Distress Scale (MDDS-17) and the revised Malay version of T2DM-related quality of life (Rv-DQOL). Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS software version 26.0. The respondents’ median (interquartile range (IQR)) age was 62.0 (11.0) years, and poor sleep was reported in 32% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 27.1, 36.9) of the participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that poor sleep quality was significantly associated with nocturia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.24, 3.35), restless legs syndrome (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.32–3.56) and emotional burden (OR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.41–3.98). However, no statistically significant association was observed between sleep quality and quality of life among our participants.

Sleep problems and their predictors in community-dwelling older adults with diabetes in India: Evidence from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India

“…The present study observed that nearly one-fourth (24.4%) of older adult patients with DM in India reported experiencing sleep disturbances when assessed with a validated instrument. Nevertheless, this estimate is somewhat lower than those reported in studies from Malaysia (32%) [ 26 ], USA (29.7%) [ 27 ] and Nigeria (27%) [ 28 ], although this variability could be attributed to different scales and methods of measuring sleep quality. Furthermore, our study findings from mediation and propensity score matching methods strengthen the evidence that DM contributes to sleep disturbances in older adults as an independent risk factor [ 29 ].…”

The Link Between Sleeping and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

“…Even while individuals with autonomic diabetic neuropathy have been observed to exhibit central-type apneas, including periodic breathing, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is still the most prevalent form of SDB [ 9 ]. Despite not being the primary cause of diabetes, sleep apnea increases insulin resistance even in those who do not already have the disease and who are not overweight [ 2 , 3 ]. According to Lou et al, type 2 diabetics may experience OSA in up to one in four cases, and a further quarter experience another sleep-related respiratory issue.…”

“…The two main phases of sleep, a complex physiological condition, are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep [ 3 , 4 ]. There are three stages of NREM sleep, with stage three being the deepest and most rejuvenating.…”

“…The circadian rhythm is a biological internal clock that controls a number of physiological activities, including glucose metabolism [ 3 ]. These circadian cycles can be disturbed by irregular sleep schedules or shift employment, which can then cause problems with glucose metabolism [ 7 ].…”

Sleep quality and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study

“…Several studies have been conducted on sleep disturbance among patients with T2DM; the prevalence of poor sleep quality among these patients was reported as 32% in the East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia, 18 75.2% in Chile 19 and 56.0% in Taiwan. 20 These studies indicate that some available factors such as sociodemographic and lifestyle factors are associated with poor sleep quality among patients with T2DM.…”