Sleep patterns and injury occurrence in elite Australian footballers

Training Load and Fatigue Marker Associations with Injury and Illness: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies

“…number of deliveries bowled for cricketers] ( n   =  6, 10 %) [56–61]; days between/frequency of matches ( n   =  8, 14 %) [53, 55, 56, 62–66]; heart rate ( n   =  4, 7 %) [48, 55, 67, 68]; RPE ( n   =  2, 3 %) [69, 70]; sRPE ( n   =  21, 36 %) [26, 36, 40, 54, 57, 68, 70–84]; number/intensity of collisions ( n   =  2, 3 %) [64, 65]; distance [both self-reported and GPS derived] ( n   =  6, 10 %) [34, 49, 68, 69, 85, 86]; velocity/acceleration GPS-derived measures ( n   =  2, 3 %) [38, 85]; metabolic equivalents [MET] ( n  = 1, 1 %) [87]; the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire [88] ( n   =  1, 1 %) [89]; and a combined volume and intensity ranking [1–5 scale] ( n  = 1, 1 %) [90]. A number of fatigue measures were also used in the 26 studies that investigated fatigue–injury/illness relationships, including perceptual wellness scales ( n   =  13, 50 %) [37, 39, 48–50, 75, 80, 81, 91–95]; sleep quantity/quality ( n   =  6, 23 %) [39, 48, 71, 80, 95, 96]; immunological markers ( n   =  12, 46 %) [49, 54, 73, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 97–100]; and stress hormone levels ( n   =  6, 23 %) [75, 81–83, 100, 101]. …”

“…A number of different sporting populations were represented, from recreational to elite level; namely, American Football ( n   =  1) [89]; Australian Football [AF] ( n   =  6) [68, 70, 84, 85, 94, 96]; basketball ( n   =  2) [81, 106]; cricket [fast bowlers] ( n   =  5) [56–58, 60, 61]; futsal ( n   =  1) [82]; soccer ( n   =  21) [37, 38, 40, 43–47, 53, 55, 62, 63, 67, 71, 75, 83, 92, 93, 95, 100, 101]; road cycling ( n   =  1) [73]; rugby league ( n   =  13) [26, 34, 36, 39, 64–66, 76–80, 94]; rugby union ( n   =  5) [41, 52, 54, 72, 94]; running ( n   =  4) [35, 42, 69, 86]; swimming ( n   =  4) [49, 74, 97, 98]; triathlon ( n   =  2) [48, 50]; wheelchair rugby ( n  = 1) [99]; and yacht racing ( n  = 1) [90]. Two studies used a mix of various sports [51, 87].…”

Effects of training and competition on the sleep of elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Of these, few found athletes, on average, did not achieve current recommendations for TST (n=2/7 studies)30 33 and SE (n=1/7 studies; online supplementary file 5). 33 Twenty-one studies examined sleep on one or more individual nights (−2 to +2) surrounding the competition 7 23–25 30 32 34 3638 41 45 49 53–55 58 59 66 67 72 74. Some studies reported cases where athletes were unable to achieve sleep recommendations on nights −2 (TST: n=2/7, SE: n=5/6 studies),24 25 30 34 38 49 66 −1 (TST: n=2/15, SE: n=6/13 studies),23 25 30 34 38 49 55 66 +1 (TST: n=4/11, SE: n=5/9 studies)25 34 36 38 55 66 and +2 (TST: n=3/8, SE: n=2/6 studies) 25 34 36 66.…”

Inter-device reliability of an automatic-scoring actigraph for measuring sleep in healthy adults

“…The Readiband™ devices have been shown to have good validity (overall accuracy of 93%) when compared to the gold standard of PSG in 50 participants undergoing overnight sleep monitoring at a sleep centre [11] and have been accepted as an approved device by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) based on this validation. The Readiband™ has also been assessed in a mini-validation study against another actigraph (Micro Mini-Motion Loggers, Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, USA) [10] where the two brands of actigraph were attached together for 3 nights in 8 participants, resulting in acceptable levels of agreement for sleep duration and rest duration ( r =0.84 and 0.94, respectively). In the current study, both devices were tightly secured together using electrical tape so that they could not move independently of each other and were worn on the participants’ non-dominant wrist before initialization of the two devices to record data in 1-minute epochs [13].…”

“…One such device, the Readiband™ (Fatigue Science, Honolulu, USA), is gaining popularity for its use in sleep research studies [7], [8], [9], [10]. The Readiband™ records data at a sample rate of 16 Hz and uses a patented algorithm to automatically score sleep data via download to the companies software.…”