Sleep Patterns Among Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Reexamination of Parent Perceptions

Ball, J. D.; Tiernan, Mona; Janusz, Jennifer; Furr, Adelia

doi:10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.389

Cited by 97 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Our subjective findings are in agreement with previous studies (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8), and show that parents of ADHD children report significantly more problems with sleep, which include increased bedtime resistance (7,8), difficulty initiating sleep (1,5,7,8), nighttime awakenings (1, 7), sleep-related anxiety (3, 7), enuresis (5), and excessive daytime sleepiness (7). In fact, a comprehensive review of the literature (4) revealed that parents of children with ADHD were five times as likely to report that their children have sleep problems compared with parents of healthy children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Sleep Disturbances in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2003

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The objective of the study was to compare polysomnographic patterns in two groups of preadolescent children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (a sleep clinic referral sample and a community sample) with control children. A prospective and observational study in the sleep clinic and the community was undertaken. Forty-seven ADHD children referred to the sleep clinic (ADHDcl), 53 ADHD children from a community survey (ADHDcom), and 49 control children underwent overnight polysomnography. Significant differences between the groups were observed for rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep latency and percentage, and periodic limb movement index with associated arousals (PLMa). REM sleep latency was shorter in controls than ADHDcl and ADHDcom (p Ͻ 0.01) and REM% was highest in controls and lowest in ADHDcl (p Ͻ 0.001). PLMa was higher in ADHDcl than the other groups (p Ͻ 0.001), but there were no differences in PLMa between ADHDcom and controls. ADHD children display significant alterations in their sleep patterns, and ADHDcl are more likely to have an elevated PLMa than ADHDcom. In addition, REM sleep is affected by ADHD. We postulate that ADHDcl may represent a subset of children with ADHD at high risk for hyperactivity during sleep. Parental reports of sleep disturbances are common in children with ADHD (1-8) and were previously included as one of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, diagnostic criteria for attention deficit disorder (9). The study of sleep problems in ADHD may be particularly important because disturbances in sleep, such as SDB (2, 10 -14), narcolepsy (15), and PLMS (16 -19), may present symptoms that resemble ADHD.In a survey of sleep habits of 46 children with ADHD and 46 controls aged 5-10 y, Owens et al. (7) showed that children with ADHD scored significantly higher on all sleep subscales than controls, i.e. increased bedtime resistance, sleep-onset delay, sleep duration, sleep anxiety, and excessive daytime sleepiness. The children in this study also completed questionnaires, and those with ADHD also reported more sleep disturbance than controls. In a three-stage study by Kaplan et al. (1), the validity of clinical reports of increased sleep disturbance in ADHD children was evaluated. In both clinical and community settings, parents of ADHD children perceived far more sleep disturbances than controls. However, daily documentation to minimize reporting bias demonstrated that ADHD children did seem to differ from controls with regard to sleep duration, number of awakenings, and enuresis, but not with regard to sleep latency or total sleep time.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Sleep Disturbances in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2003

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“…This disorder persists into adolescence and young adulthood in 10% to 60% of affected individuals. 52 The relationship between sleep problems and ADHD in children has been examined in multiple studies, using a number of approaches, [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] but similar data in adolescents and adults are largely unavailable. Reviews of clinical complications of ADHD in adolescents include some anecdotal references to sleep disturbances, [67][68][69] but studies of childhood ADHD and sleep are rare and have included small numbers of subjects between 12 and 18 years of age.…”

Section: Sleep and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder In Adolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excessive Sleepiness in Adolescents and Young Adults: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Strategies

Millman¹

2005

Pediatrics

321

195

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ABSTRACT. Adolescents and young adults are often excessively sleepy. This excessive sleepiness can have a profound negative effect on school performance, cognitive function, and mood and has been associated with other serious consequences such as increased incidence of automobile crashes. In this article we review available scientific knowledge about normal sleep changes in adolescents (13-22 years of age), the factors associated with chronic insufficient sleep, the effect of insufficient sleep on a variety of systems and functions, and the primary sleep disorders or organic dysfunctions that, if untreated, can cause excessive daytime sleepiness in this population. Pediatrics 2005;115:1774-1786; sleep, sleepiness, adolescents, pediatric sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, young adults, circadian rhythm, melatonin, motor vehicle accidents, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, school start times, school performance, obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, delayed phase syndrome, insufficient sleep.

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“…The children themselves also report sleep difficulties more often than children without ADHD [38]. Self-report studies show that more than half the children with ADHD reported that they experienced sleep difficulties [5,20,30], which could be of great theoretical importance in the clinical work. The ADHD disorder affects approximately 3-5% of all school age children [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…One hypothesis is that children with ADHD are more liable to wake their parents during the night than non-ADHD children, making their parents more aware of any sleep difficulties [5]. This has, however, not been documented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental rating of sleep in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Hvolby¹,

Jørgensen

Bilenberg

2009

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Objective: Sleep problems have often been associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parents of those with ADHD and children with ADHD report sleep difficulties more frequently than healthy children and their parents. The primary objective of this paper is to describe sleep patterns and problems of 5 to 11-year-old children suffering from ADHD as described by parental reports and sleep questionnaires. Method: The study included 321 children aged 5–11 years (average age 8.4 years); 45 were diagnosed with ADHD, 64 had other psychiatric diagnoses, and 212 were healthy. One hundred and ninety-six of the test subjects were boys and 125 were girls. A semi-structured interview (Kiddie-SADS-PL) was used to DSM-IV diagnose ADHD and comorbidity in the clinical group. Sleep difficulties were rated using a structured sleep questionnaire (Children Sleep Behaviour Scale). Results: Children diagnosed with ADHD had a significantly increased occurrence of sleep problems. Difficulties relating to bedtime and unsettled sleep were significantly more frequent in the ADHD group than in the other groups. Children with ADHD showed prolonged sleep onset latency, but no difference was shown regarding numbers of awakenings per night and total sleep time per night. Comorbid oppositional defiant disorder appeared not to have an added effect on problematic behaviour around bedtime. Conclusion: Parents of children with ADHD report that their children do not sleep properly more often than other parents. The ADHD group report problems with bedtime resistance, problems with sleep onset latency, unsettled sleep and nightmares more often than the control groups. It may therefore be relevant for clinicians to initiate a closer examination of those cases reporting sleep difficulties

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Sleep Patterns Among Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Reexamination of Parent Perceptions

Cited by 97 publications

References 15 publications

Sleep Disturbances in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Sleep Disturbances in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Excessive Sleepiness in Adolescents and Young Adults: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Strategies

Parental rating of sleep in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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