Sleep Homeostasis and Models of Sleep Regulation

Achermann, Peter; Borbély, Alexander A.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00037-2

Cited by 89 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(120 reference statements)

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“…The sensitivity of the prefrontal cortex to the effects of sleep loss may also be reflected in distinct neurophysiological changes associated with sleep deprivation. For example, regional cerebral blood flow in this region correlates with electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA; power density in the 0.75-4.5 Hz range) in non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (Dang-Vu et al 2010), which represents the primary physiological marker of sleep homeostasis (Achermann and Borbély 2011). Moreover, not only the increase in SWA in NREM sleep, but also the rise in EEG theta (~5-9 Hz range) activity after prolonged wakefulness (Cajochen et al 1995) is larger over anterior than over posterior cortical areas (Finelli et al 2000).…”

Section: Sleep Deprivation Affects Higher-order Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenosine, Caffeine, and Performance: From Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep to Sleep Pharmacogenetics

Urry

Landolt

2014

Sleep, Neuronal Plasticity and Brain Function

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An intricate interplay between circadian and sleep-wake homeostatic processes regulate cognitive performance on specific tasks, and individual differences in circadian preference and sleep pressure may contribute to individual differences in distinct neurocognitive functions. Attentional performance appears to be particularly sensitive to time of day modulations and the effects of sleep deprivation. Consistent with the notion that the neuromodulator, adenosine adenosine , plays an important role in regulating sleep pressure, pharmacologic and genetic data in animals and humans demonstrate that differences in adenosinergic tone affect sleepiness, arousal and vigilant attention attention in rested and sleep-deprived states. Caffeine Caffeine -the most often consumed stimulant in the world-blocks adenosine receptors and normally attenuates the consequences of sleep deprivation on arousal, vigilance, and attention. Nevertheless, caffeine cannot substitute for sleep, and is virtually ineffective in mitigating the impact of severe sleep loss on higher-order cognitive functions. Thus, the available evidence suggests that adenosinergic mechanisms, in particular adenosine A2A receptor-mediated signal transduction, contribute to waking-induced impairments of attentional processes, whereas additional mechanisms must be involved in higher-order cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Future investigations should further clarify the exact types of cognitive processes affected by inappropriate sleep. This research will aid in the quest to better understand the role of different brain systems (e.g., adenosine and adenosine receptors) in regulating sleep, and sleep-related subjective state, and cognitive processes. Furthermore, it will provide more detail on the underlying mechanisms of the detrimental effects of extended wakefulness, as well as lead to the development of effective, evidence-based countermeasures against the health consequences of circadian misalignment and chronic sleep restriction. In press (accepted): January 14, 2014 Addresses for correspondence:Hans-Peter Landolt, Ph.D.

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Section: Sleep Deprivation Affects Higher-order Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenosine, Caffeine, and Performance: From Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep to Sleep Pharmacogenetics

Urry

Landolt

2014

Sleep, Neuronal Plasticity and Brain Function

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“…The homeostatic process has been described by a saturating exponential increase during wakefulness and exponential decrease during sleep. The parameters of the exponential functions were estimated from electroencephalogram (EEG) SWA, defined as the EEG power between 0.75 and 4.5 Hz in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep at baseline and after total sleep deprivation [7][8][9][10]. Many studies of acute manipulation of wake duration have confirmed the precise homeostatic regulation of SWA in accordance with the saturation exponential increase and exponential decrease of sleep pressure during wakefulness and sleep, respectively, in rodents and humans [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is assumed that the parameters of these exponential functions are invariant to the history of sleep and wakefulness, i.e. adaptation to chronically restricted or extended sleep does not occur and the effects of acute sleep deprivation do not depend on prior sleep history [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to chronic sleep restriction, extension, and subsequent total sleep deprivation in humans: adaptation or preserved sleep homeostasis?

Skorucak

Arbon

Dijk

et al. 2018

Sleep

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Sleep is regulated by a homeostatic process which in the two-process model of human sleep regulation is represented by electroencephalogram slow-wave activity (SWA). Many studies of acute manipulation of wake duration have confirmed the precise homeostatic regulation of SWA in rodents and humans. However, some chronic sleep restriction studies in rodents show that the sleep homeostatic response, as indexed by SWA, is absent or diminishes suggesting adaptation occurs. Here, we investigate the response to 7 days of sleep restriction (6 hr time in bed) and extension (10 hr time in bed) as well as the response to subsequent total sleep deprivation in 35 healthy participants in a cross-over design. The homeostatic response was quantified by analyzing sleep structure and SWA measures. Sleep restriction resulted primarily in a reduction of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. SWA and accumulated SWA (slow-wave energy, SWE) were not much affected by sleep extension/restriction. The SWA responses did not diminish significantly in the course of the intervention and did not deviate significantly from the predictions of the two-process model. The response to total sleep deprivation consisted of an increase in SWA and rise rate of SWA and SWE and did not differ between the two conditions. The data show that changes in sleep duration within an ecologically relevant range have a marked effect on REM sleep and that SWA responds in accordance with predictions based on a saturating exponential increase during wake and an exponential decline in sleep of homeostatic sleep pressure during both chronic sleep restriction and extension.Key words: chronic sleep restriction; chronic sleep extension; sleep deprivation; homeostasis; allostasis; Process S; simulations; adaptation Statement of SignificanceBoth chronic short and long sleep are associated with negative health consequences. It is therefore important to understand sleep regulation during sleep restriction and extension. Sleep homeostasis refers to the sleep-wake dependent aspect of sleep regulation and slowwave sleep is often considered of particular importance. We observed that 1 week of sleep restriction primarily leads to deficits in rapid eye movement sleep while slow-wave activity is little affected throughout the week long sleep restriction and sleep extension in accordance with predictions of the two-process model. The data imply that there is no significant adaptation to insufficient or excessive sleep.

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“…These effects may result from a decrease in sleep duration which led to more consolidated sleep (findings not presented). Theoretical considerations and the results of previous studies 12,29 lead to the expectation that sleep pressure increases with increasing wakefulness; this is then reflected in an increase in sleep depth with less frequent awakenings during subsequent sleep (sleep consolidation). Indeed, our results indicated a significant reduction for nighttime (about 14 min) and daytime sleep duration (about 10 min) from T0 to T1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Zurich 3-Step Concept for the Management of Behavioral Sleep Disorders in Children: A Before-and-After Study

Werner

Hunkeler

Benz

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Objectives: Several strategies have been found to be effective for the treatment of childhood behavioral sleep disorders. One which has yet to be evaluated is the Zurich 3-step concept, which combines basic notions of the two-process model of sleep regulation (introducing a regular rhythm and adjusting bedtime to sleep need) with behavioral strategies. This uncontrolled before-and-after study describes our concept and its step-wise approach, assesses changes in sleep-wake variables and behavior problems, and also examines associations between changes in sleep-wake variables and behavior problems. Methods: A total of 79 children with sleep problems (age range 6-47 months, 42% females) were included. Sleep problems were assessed by the Infant Sleep Questionnaire, sleep-wake variables by diary and actigraphy, and behavior problems of children ≥ 18 months by the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: A signifi cant decrease in nocturnal wake duration (Cohen's d = −0.34) and a signifi cant increase in the duration of the longest continuous nocturnal sleep period (Cohen's d = 0.19) were found from before to after intervention (on average 2.7 months, SD 1.5). The variability for sleep onset and end time decreased, and actigraphically measured circadian rest-activity cycle measures improved. Parent-reported internalizing and total behavior problems also decreased (Cohen's d = 0.66). Conclusions:The fi ndings of both objective and subjective assessment techniques suggest that the Zurich 3-step concept is effective. Thus, the intervention concept may be useful in clinical practice with sleep-disordered children.

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Sleep Homeostasis and Models of Sleep Regulation

Cited by 89 publications

References 130 publications

Adenosine, Caffeine, and Performance: From Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep to Sleep Pharmacogenetics

Adenosine, Caffeine, and Performance: From Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep to Sleep Pharmacogenetics

Response to chronic sleep restriction, extension, and subsequent total sleep deprivation in humans: adaptation or preserved sleep homeostasis?

The Zurich 3-Step Concept for the Management of Behavioral Sleep Disorders in Children: A Before-and-After Study

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