Sleep function: Toward elucidating an enigma

Krueger, James M.; Frank, Marcos G.; Wisor, Jonathan P.; Roy, Sandip

doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.005

Cited by 325 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Importantly, the overall circadian modulation of SWA was lower in women than in men, and this effect was not limited to the posterior brain region but was present over the frontal region as well. Thus, our finding may suggest a sex difference in the local regulation of sleep (47,48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Sex differences in the circadian regulation of sleep and waking cognition in humans

Santhi

Lázár

McCabe

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

225

144

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The sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythmicity both contribute to brain function, but whether this contribution differs between men and women and how it varies across cognitive domains and subjective dimensions has not been established. We examined the circadian and sleep-wake-dependent regulation of cognition in 16 men and 18 women in a forced desynchrony protocol and quantified the separate contributions of circadian phase, prior sleep, and elapsed time awake on cognition and sleep. The largest circadian effects were observed for reported sleepiness, mood, and reported effort; the effects on working memory and temporal processing were smaller. Although these effects were seen in both men and women, there were quantitative differences. The amplitude of the circadian modulation was larger in women in 11 of 39 performance measures so that their performance was more impaired in the early morning hours. Principal components analysis of the performance measures yielded three factors, accuracy, effort, and speed, which reflect core performance characteristics in a range of cognitive tasks and therefore are likely to be important for everyday performance. The largest circadian modulation was observed for effort, whereas accuracy exhibited the largest sex difference in circadian modulation. The sex differences in the circadian modulation of cognition could not be explained by sex differences in the circadian amplitude of plasma melatonin and electroencephalographic slow-wave activity. These data establish the impact of circadian rhythmicity and sex on waking cognition and have implications for understanding the regulation of brain function, cognition, and affect in shift-work, jetlag, and aging.cognition | biological rhythms | gender | slow wave sleep | melatonin C ircadian rhythms are generated by a set of core "clock" genes and are present in nearly every cell of the body and brain (1). These local clocks and rhythms are synchronized by neural and endocrine pathways originating from the master circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (2, 3). In addition, the timing of behaviors such as food intake and sleep and associated changes in local and systemic cues contribute to the temporal organization in peripheral tissues outside the SCN (4, 5). In view of the pervasiveness of circadian rhythms, it is not surprising that they affect many aspects of physiology, behavior, and cognition in health and in disease. Indeed, circadian abnormalities have been implicated in disorders of sleep, mood, and cognition (6), in deleterious responses to shift work (7), depression (8), and Alzheimer's disease (9). The prevalence of most of these disorders is higher in women than in men (10), and their impact on psychological functions and quality of life of patients differs between the sexes (11).Women are underrepresented in both circadian and sleep research (12), although sex differences in human circadian and sleep characteristics are emerging from the few studies that contrast men and women. (Note: Throughout thi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Sex differences in the circadian regulation of sleep and waking cognition in humans

Santhi

Lázár

McCabe

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

225

144

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“…57 Although the functions of sleep are not clearly defined, sleep has important contributions in a wide array of physiological functions including cell repair, energy restoration, metabolic regulation, and immune functions. [58][59][60][61][62] Sleep also appears necessary for memory, with sleep deprivation leading to decrements in cognitive performance and memory impairments. 4,[63][64][65] Additionally, sleep following learning can enhance memory strength, particularly for hippocampal-dependent learning in humans and animal models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Sleep Deprivation Blocks Short- and Long-Term Operant Memory inAplysia

Krishnan

Gandour

Ramos

et al. 2016

Sleep

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Study Objectives: Insufficient sleep in individuals appears increasingly common due to the demands of modern work schedules and technology use. Consequently, there is a growing need to understand the interactions between sleep deprivation and memory. The current study determined the effects of acute sleep deprivation on short and long-term associative memory using the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, a relatively simple model system well known for studies of learning and memory. Methods: Aplysia were sleep deprived for 9 hours using context changes and tactile stimulation either prior to or after training for the operant learning paradigm, learning that food is inedible (LFI). The effects of sleep deprivation on short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) were assessed. Results: Acute sleep deprivation prior to LFI training impaired the induction of STM and LTM with persistent effects lasting at least 24 h. Sleep deprivation immediately after training blocked the consolidation of LTM. However, sleep deprivation following the period of molecular consolidation did not affect memory recall. Memory impairments were independent of handling-induced stress, as daytime handled control animals demonstrated no memory deficits. Additional training immediately after sleep deprivation failed to rescue the induction of memory, but additional training alleviated the persistent impairment in memory induction when training occurred 24 h following sleep deprivation. Conclusions: Acute sleep deprivation inhibited the induction and consolidation, but not the recall of memory. These behavioral studies establish Aplysia as an effective model system for studying the interactions between sleep and memory formation.

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“…3 Among the leading theories for the role of sleep are that it provides a time of relative cortical quiescence to allow brain energy stores to rebuild, 4 that sleep allows an opportunity for synaptic pruning which facilitates neural plasticity allowing memory and learning, 5 and that sleep provides an opportunity for the clearance of neural waste products through the glymphatic system which is activated during sleep. 6 In addition to brain health, there is growing interest in the role sleep may play in somatic health.…”

Section: Role Of Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of sleep and obesity

2017

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Sleep is a state of consciousness that is preserved across animal species whose exact function is not yet clear but which has a vital impact on health and well-being. Epidemiological evidence suggests sleep duration in both children and adults has been decreasing over the past half-century, while at the same time, rates of overweight and obesity have been increasing. Short sleep duration along with other dimensions of poor sleep have been associated with obesity both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. These data suggest a potential causal relationship between poor sleep and greater rates of weight gain that may be related to effects of sleep on dietary intake or physical activity. However, there is also potential for reverse causation as obesity leads to many co-morbidities including sleep apnea that can disrupt sleep. Medium and long term interventional studies are needed to evaluate the potential for healthy sleep interventions to help combat the epidemic of obesity.

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Sleep function: Toward elucidating an enigma

Cited by 325 publications

References 96 publications

Sex differences in the circadian regulation of sleep and waking cognition in humans

Sex differences in the circadian regulation of sleep and waking cognition in humans

Acute Sleep Deprivation Blocks Short- and Long-Term Operant Memory inAplysia

The epidemiology of sleep and obesity

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