Sleep Extension in Sleepy and Alert Normals

Roehrs, Timothy; Timms, Victoria; Zwyghuizen‐Doorenbos, Ardith; Roth, Thomas

doi:10.1093/sleep/12.5.449

Cited by 100 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…Clinical effects-Overnight and partial night sleep deprivation are consistently associated with excessive daytime sleepiness as measured by both subjective indices and the MSLT (Beaumont et al, 2001;Arand, 1995a, 2003;Carskadon and Dement, 1982;Gillberg et al, 1994;Roehrs et al, 1989;Rosenthal et al, 1993). Sleepiness increases in proportion to the total length of sleep deprivation (Rosenthal, 1993).…”

Section: Sleep Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

660

463

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Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep-wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are many interacting neural and neurotransmitter systems that affect vigilance. Most studies of vigilance have relied on states where the sleep-wake state is altered, e.g. drowsiness, sleep-deprivation, and CNS-active drugs, but there are factors ranging from psychophysics to motivation that may impact vigilance. While EEG is the most commonly studied physiologic measure of vigilance, various measures of eye movement and of autonomic nervous system activity have also been used. This review paper discusses the underlying neural basis of vigilance and its assessment using physiologic tools. Since, assessment of vigilance requires assessment of cognitive function this aspect is also discussed.

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Section: Sleep Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

660

463

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“…Some studies demonstrated decreases in objective sleepiness 97 and increases in objective sleep 98 following extended sleep, but these studies did not measure subjective experience of sleepiness, fatigue or mood impairment.…”

Section: Controlled Sleep Extensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who are the long sleepers? Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship

Grandner

Drummond

2007

Sleep Medicine Reviews

363

307

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While much is known about the negative health implications of insufficient sleep, relatively little is known about risks associated with excessive sleep. However, epidemiological studies have repeatedly found a mortality risk associated with reported habitual long sleep. This paper will summarize and describe the numerous studies demonstrating increased mortality risk associated with long sleep. Although these studies establish a mortality link, they do not sufficiently explain why such a relationship might occur. Possible mechanisms for this relationship will be proposed and described, including (1)sleep fragmentation, (2)fatigue, (3)immune function, (4)photoperiodic abnormalities, (5)lack of challenge, (6)depression, or (7)underlying disease process such as (a)sleep apnea, (b)heart disease, or (c)failing health. Following this, we will take a step back and carefully consider all of the historical and current literature regarding long sleep, to determine whether the scientific evidence supports these proposed mechanisms and ascertain what future research directions may clarify or test these hypotheses regarding the relationship between long sleep and mortality. WHO ARE THE LONG SLEEPERS?How much sleep do we need?Whereas the answer to this question usually involves the determination of the minimum amount of sleep required for the maintenance of health, less attention has been directed to the question of the maximum amount of sleep for optimum health. This may be an equally important issue, given research suggesting that there are negative health consequences of excessive sleep 1 .There is growing public awareness of the need for an adequate amount of sleep, and the myriad problems associated with insufficient sleep, which is consistent with a hypothesis

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“…In general, prolonged wakefulness or restricted sleep inevitably lead to increased sleep propensity (usually measured as the speed of falling asleep) and to increased subjective sleepiness, so that after a certain amount of sleep loss a person will fi nally fall asleep, even if it were only brief sleep episodes called microsleeps (28). On the other hand, the extension of time in bed beyond the usual seven to eight hours a day in healthy subjects resulted in decreased sleepiness measured with the MSLT (29,30). It was also found that naps of relatively short duration, usually less than 30 minutes, improved alertness both after a normal and after a restricted overnight sleep (31,32).…”

Section: Homeostatic and Circadian Components In The Regulation Of Slmentioning

confidence: 97%

Regulation of Sleepiness: The Role of the Arousal System

Bakotić¹,

Radošević-Vidaček²

2012

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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It is generally accepted that two basic physiological processes regulate sleepiness: homeostatic and circadian rhythmic processes. Recent research has proposed the third component regulating sleepiness, that is, the wake drive or the arousal system. The role of the arousal system in regulating sleepiness has partly been addressed by the studies of the pathophysiology of insomnia, which is often described as a disorder of hyperarousal. Experimental and correlational studies on the relation between sleepiness and arousal in good sleepers have generally indicated that both physiological and cognitive arousal are related to the standard measures of sleepiness. Taking into account the role of the arousal system in regulating sleepiness widens the possibilities for the management of sleep disorders and could also help in solving the problem of excessive sleepiness at work and the wheel. KEY WORDS: circadian rhythms, insomnia, shift work, sleep homeostasis, wake driveBakotić M, and Radošević-Vidaček B. WAKE DRIVE IN SLEEPINESS REGULATION Arh Hig Rada Tokiskol 2012;63 Supplement 1: 23-34 Sleep research and sleep medicine often defi ne sleepiness as a state refl ecting physiological sleep need (1). Other terms used in addition to sleepiness are sleep propensity and sleep tendency. Sleepiness is measured by how long it takes to fall asleep, with tests such as the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) (2) and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) (3). Sleepiness is also measured by behaviour such as eye closing, yawning, specifi c head movement (bobbing), facial expressions, and performance in various psychomotor and cognitive tasks (4). In the subjective domain, measurements include various single-or multi-facetted sleepiness rating scales (5, 6) and scales assessing the tendency to fall asleep in various situations (7).Although sleepiness is a normal physiological state related to sleep need, in certain cases it can be a symptom of a serious disease or condition. In such cases the term pathological or excessive sleepiness is used. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine defi nes excessive sleepiness as sleepiness that occurs in situations when a person is expected to be awake and alert (8), which interferes with person's daily functioning such as work or school performance, cognitive functioning, mood, and social interaction.Empirical data indicate that sleepiness signifi cantly contributes to vehicle accidents and that mortality in these accidents is very high, especially in persons younger than 25 years (9-12). Furthermore, sleepiness at the workplace is associated with lower performance and greater risk of occupational accidents and injuries, especially in industrial operations and transportation services (10,(13)(14)(15). Shift workers run the greatest risk of sleepiness at the workplace because their working time often coincides with the time of the day when humans are biologically programmed to sleep. 24On the other hand, shift workers often sleep at the time when circadian factors promote wakefulness, which c...

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Sleep Extension in Sleepy and Alert Normals

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Who are the long sleepers? Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship

Regulation of Sleepiness: The Role of the Arousal System

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