Sleep Apnea: Relationship to Age, Sex, and Alzheimer's Dementia

Smallwood, Robert G.; Vitiello, Michael V.; Giblin, Elizabeth C.; Prinz, Patricia N.

doi:10.1093/sleep/6.1.16

Cited by 100 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Oxygen saturation was not recorded in these subjects. In accordance with Smallwood and colleagues (19), a hypopnea was scored if air flow during sleep decreased to less than one-third of baseline for 10 s or longer; an apnea was scored if air flow was absent for 10 s or longer. The apnea index (AI), or combined apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), was computed as the ratio of apneic events (or sum of apneas and hypopneas) to net sleep time in hours.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sleep of Healthy Seniors: A Revisit

Reynolds

Kupfer

Taska

et al. 1985

Sleep

121

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Summary: In an EEG sleep study of 40 healthy seniors (19 men and 21 women) aged 58-82 years, men could not maintain sleep as well as women and experienced less stage 3 sleep. The increased wakefulness after sleep onset among the men was particularly marked during the last 2 h of recording. REM density (during the first and second REM periods) showed an interaction of sex and age effects: thus, women in their 60s had higher REM density than men, whereas men in their 70s had higher REM density than women. In both men and women, however, regardless of age, the temporal distribution of REM sleep and REM density during the night was flat. Finally, only a mild degree of sleep-disordered breathing was noted, with positive age effects on apnea/hypopnea index and maximal duration of apnea. These findings are reviewed in relation to the sleep and aging literature. Key Words: Sleep-Aging-Healthy e1derly-Apnea-Slow-wave sleep-REM sleep.Although the effects of age on sleep are generally well described [for review, see Miles and Dement (1) or Spiegel (2)], actual electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep norms for the 7th and 8th decades of life are still somewhat sparse in the world literature. Thus, we estimated a total of 150 elderly subjects in the studies of Lairy et al. (13), and Principe and Smith (14). In addition to the relatively modest size of the database, very little data on phasic REM activity in healthy seniors have been published to date. To some extent also, the issue of gender-dependent differences in measures of sleep continuity, slow-wave sleep, and phasic REM activity may not be completely settled. Hayashi and Endo (12) noted no differences in the sleep of healthy elderly men and women, whereas Williams et al. (10) reported better sleep continuity and more slow-wave sleep in women.Given the increasing application of all-night EEG sleep studies for clinical and research purposes, the relatively small number of elderly subjects in the world literature, and the need for further examination of age and sex effects (and their interaction) on measures of sleep continuity, slow-wave sleep, and phasic REM activity, efforts to replicate and to add

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sleep of Healthy Seniors: A Revisit

Reynolds

Kupfer

Taska

et al. 1985

Sleep

121

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although ApoE is directly implicated in AD pathology and etiology, the specific function of ApoE in the brain and the mechanism(s) by which this genotype facilitates progression of AD need further investigation. Although some studies reported no differences between patients with AD and controls (53), other cohort surveys reported higher prevalence of OSA in AD and in ApoE ⑀4 allele-positive individuals compared with the rest of the population (23). These cross-sectional studies should be construed as testing one of two plausible (but indistinguishable) working hypotheses, namely, 1) AD causes sleep apnea, perhaps by disruption of motor outflow from medullary centers controlling breathing at either the diaphragmatic (central events) or the upper airway motor level (obstructive or mixed events); or 2) sleep apnea could have caused or otherwise facilitated AD progression via effects on higher cortical function.…”

Section: Perspectives and Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement in mice reveals increased susceptibility to sleep disruption and intermittent hypoxia

Kaushal

Ramesh

Gozal

2012

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…100 Another problem with the evaluation of older OSAS patients is the possible association between OSAS and dementia. Although there is little reason to believe that there exists a link between Alzheimer's disease and OSAS, [101][102] the possibility remains that OSAS could be causally related to other forms of dementia. OSAS can lead to coronary diseases as well as cerebrovascular complications, [103][104] and patients with multi-infarct dementia tend to have more apneas/hypopneas than patients with Alzheimer-type dementia.…”

Section: A Standardized Test Battery For the Neuropsychological Assesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Deficits Associated with Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Proposed Neuropsychological Test Battery

Décary

Rouleau

Montplaisir

2000

Sleep

199

124

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Numerous studies have assessed a wide range of cognitive deficits associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The comparison of these various results, however, is hampered by the fact that different studies employ different neuropsychological tests, even when assessing the same function. The aim of this paper is to present a standardized neuropsychological test battery for the evaluation of OSAS patients. Following a description of the general characteristics of OSAS, we review the main cognitive functions reported as being impaired in OSAS patients. These include general intellectual functioning, attentional functioning, memory and learning abilities, executive functions, and motor performance. Based on this review, we propose a test battery designed to cover these cognitive processes while taking into account the time constraints present in most research and clinical centers. In addition to providing a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of OSAS patients, the proposed test battery should facilitate the comparison of results from different laboratories.

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Sleep Apnea: Relationship to Age, Sex, and Alzheimer's Dementia

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

Sleep of Healthy Seniors: A Revisit

Sleep of Healthy Seniors: A Revisit

Human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement in mice reveals increased susceptibility to sleep disruption and intermittent hypoxia

Cognitive Deficits Associated with Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Proposed Neuropsychological Test Battery

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