“…Aside from actual spaceflights, a number of similar expeditions under isolated and confined environments (ICEs) have been performed to study human mental issues, including Antarctic exploration [5], [6], [7], submarine mission [8], ground-based spaceflight simulation, and others [9], [10], [11], [12]. Previous studies have found evidence of decrement in the variables of cognitive performance [13], [14], [15], team cohesion [1], [3], [4], [16], locomotor function [10], [11], [17], circadian rhythm and sleep [2], [3], [18], [19], etc. Moreover, the strong association between the function of the neuroendocrine system and emotion processing and stress coping has also been observed [20], [21], [22], [23].…”