Sleep aid toxicosis in dogs: 317 cases (2004–2010)

Lancaster, Adam R.; Lee, Justine A.; Hovda, Lynn R.; Hardy, Brian T.; Miyahara, Lee X.; Martin, Elizabeth P.; Whelan, Megan

doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00694.x

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Our epidemiological study showed high exposure to zolpidem (Richardson and others 2002, Lancaster and others 2011) and only one dog-related case involving zoplicone, an eszoplicone stereoisomer (Lancaster and others 2011). No cases were recorded involving cats, rarely reported in literature (Czopowicz and others 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Epidemiological study (2006–2012) on the poisoning of small animals by human and veterinary drugs

et al. 2014

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A retrospective study was conducted on the exposure of dogs and cats to drugs, reported to the Poison Control Centre of Milan (Centro Antiveleni di Milano (CAV)) between January 2006 and December 2012. Calls related to drugs for human use and veterinary drugs accounted for 23.7 per cent of total inquiries (1415) received by CAV and mostly involved dogs (70 per cent of enquiries). Exposure to drugs for human use accounted for 79 per cent of cases involving dogs, whereas veterinary drugs were the main culprit (77 per cent) in the case of cats. The most common class of drugs for human use proved to be CNS drugs (26.8 per cent), followed by NSAIDs (19.6 per cent) and cardiovascular and endocrine drugs (12.9 per cent each). The majority of calls (95.2 per cent) related to veterinary drugs involved dogs and cats exposed to parasiticides. The outcome was reported in only 58.2 per cent of cases, and fatal poisoning accounted for 8.7 per cent of these cases. Epidemiological data from this Italian survey provide useful information on animal exposure to drugs. The knowledge of agents involved in poisoning episodes can help veterinarians make the correct diagnosis and institute preventive measures to possibly reduce animal exposure to drugs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Epidemiological study (2006–2012) on the poisoning of small animals by human and veterinary drugs

et al. 2014

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“…Representative GABA-A receptor modulators and a histamine inverse agonist, which tend to promote sleep in most species but have paradoxical hyperarousal effects in dogs according to qualitative reports in the canine veterinary literature (Barnett et al, 1984; Bertini et al, 1995; Richardson et al, 2002; Wismer, 2002; Herron et al, 2008; Lancaster et al, 2011; Giorgi et al, 2012), were also evaluated in the sleep studies as potential control sleep-inducing substances for the salience arousal studies. Diazepam was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, eszopiclone from Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, zolpidem from Teva Pharmaceuticals, and diphenhydramine from Henry Schein.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, since the veterinary literature qualitatively cites case studies of accidental GABA-A receptor modulator and antihistamine ingestion causing paradoxical hyperarousal in healthy dogs (Barnett et al, 1984; Bertini et al, 1995; Richardson et al, 2002; Wismer, 2002; Herron et al, 2008; Lancaster et al, 2011), we quantitatively pre-tested several representative drugs via polysomnography (PSG) to determine whether we could evaluate different pharmacological hypnotic mechanisms in the salience gating arousal paradigm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orexin receptor antagonist-induced sleep does not impair the ability to wake in response to emotionally salient acoustic stimuli in dogs

Tannenbaum

Stevens

Binns

et al. 2014

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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The ability to awaken from sleep in response to important stimuli is a critical feature of normal sleep, as is maintaining sleep continuity in the presence of irrelevant background noise. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) effectively promote sleep across species by targeting the evolutionarily conserved wake-promoting orexin signaling pathway. This study in dogs investigated whether DORA-induced sleep preserved the ability to awaken appropriately to salient acoustic stimuli but remain asleep when exposed to irrelevant stimuli. Sleep and wake in response to DORAs, vehicle, GABA-A receptor modulators (diazepam, eszopiclone and zolpidem) and antihistamine (diphenhydramine) administration were evaluated in telemetry-implanted adult dogs with continuous electrocorticogram, electromyogram (EMG), electrooculogram (EOG), and activity recordings. DORAs induced sleep, but GABA-A modulators and antihistamine induced paradoxical hyperarousal. Thus, salience gating studies were conducted during DORA-22 (0.3, 1, and 5 mg/kg; day and night) and vehicle nighttime sleep. The acoustic stimuli were either classically conditioned using food reward and positive attention (salient stimulus) or presented randomly (neutral stimulus). Once conditioned, the tones were presented at sleep times corresponding to maximal DORA-22 exposure. In response to the salient stimuli, dogs woke completely from vehicle and orexin-antagonized sleep across all sleep stages but rarely awoke to neutral stimuli. Notably, acute pharmacological antagonism of orexin receptors paired with emotionally salient anticipation produced wake, not cataplexy, in a species where genetic (chronic) loss of orexin receptor signaling leads to narcolepsy/cataplexy. DORA-induced sleep in the dog thereby retains the desired capacity to awaken to emotionally salient acoustic stimuli while preserving uninterrupted sleep in response to irrelevant stimuli.

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“…In clinically affected dogs,~50% exhibited signs of CNS depression and~50% exhibited signs of CNS stimulation, while anorexia, vomiting and diarrhoea occurred in~20% of cases; no deaths occurred (Lancaster et al, 2011). Zolpidem was the most frequent non-BZD sleep aid medication involved in cases of dog poisoning reported to CAV (Caloni et al, 2014).…”

Section: Non-benzodiazepine Sedative-hypnotic Drugsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The Pet Poison Helpline recorded 240 cases of zolpidem ingestion in dogs from 2004 to 2010; 66% of dogs remained clinically unaffected (median dose 0.9 mg/kg) while 34% developed clinical signs (median dose 1.47 mg/kg) (Lancaster et al, 2011). In clinically affected dogs,~50% exhibited signs of CNS depression and~50% exhibited signs of CNS stimulation, while anorexia, vomiting and diarrhoea occurred in~20% of cases; no deaths occurred (Lancaster et al, 2011).…”

Section: Non-benzodiazepine Sedative-hypnotic Drugsmentioning

confidence: 97%