Slag movement in ESR of steel

Brückmann, Gerhard; Sick, Georg; Schwerdtfeger, Klaus

doi:10.1007/bf02653963

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The influence of CO bubbles on bath stirring was considered negligible because they only affect the immediate vicinity of the electrodes. Velocities calculated in the present work was marginally higher than in other similar studies, the latter ranging from 0.03 to 0.43 m/s [6,7,10,11,27,28,31,35,36] . This may be attributed to lower slag viscosity values in this study ( Table 1 ) compared to the literature.…”

Section: Velocitycontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Stirring of the melt takes place, mainly by buoyancy due to the high temperature gradients within the slag [5][6][7][8][9] ; additional weak stirring occurs by electromagnetic Lorentz-type forces and carbon monoxide bubbles which are continuously released from the Söderberg electrodes [5,10] . The contribution of carbon monoxide bubbles to stirring of the bath is ignored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A CFD analysis of slag properties, electrode shape and immersion depth effects on electric submerged arc furnace heating in ferronickel processing

Karalis

Karkalos

Cheimarios

et al. 2016

Applied Mathematical Modelling

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a b s t r a c tA 2D, steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of an industrial electric arc furnace (EAF) is presented. The analysis accounts for the electrode shape and immersion depth, as well as for the dependence of Joule heating on the properties of the slag. The equations for the electric potential, momentum and heat transfer were solved across four distinct regions (i.e. air, slag, ferronickel and firebricks) and the final profile of the slag/metal interface was calculated as a function of the operating parameters of the furnace. The results indicate that the amount of Joule heat produced by the Söderberg electrodes increased with increasing applied voltage and electrical conductivity of the slag; the Joule heat peaked for a value of slag electrical conductivity equal to 3 S/m. A highly conductive slag along with a greater electrode immersion depth was found to facilitate the melting process. The maximum slag velocity values computed were of the order of 0.8 m/s in the vicinity of the electrode tips.

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Section: Velocitycontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A CFD analysis of slag properties, electrode shape and immersion depth effects on electric submerged arc furnace heating in ferronickel processing

Karalis

Karkalos

Cheimarios

et al. 2016

Applied Mathematical Modelling

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“…In turn, transport properties affect the maximum temperatures achieved, the temporal distribution of liquid fraction and the formation of stirring velocity gradients in the slag melt. Buoyancy effects are the main contributors to slag stirring [7]; however, marginal contributions also exist, due to electromagnetic (Lorentz) forces and rising CO bubbles emitted from electrode surfaces upon their reduction by oxygen present in the slag mixed-oxide phases [6,7,[10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pragmatic analysis of the electric submerged arc furnace continuum

Karalis¹,

Karkalos²,

Antipas³

et al. 2017

R. Soc. open sci.

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A transient mathematical model was developed for the description of fluid flow, heat transfer and electromagnetic phenomena involved in the production of ferronickel in electric arc furnaces. The key operating variables considered were the thermal and electrical conductivity of the slag and the shape, immersion depth and applied electric potential of the electrodes. It was established that the principal stimuli of the velocities in the slag bath were the electric potential and immersion depth of the electrodes and the thermal and electrical conductivities of the slag. Additionally, it was determined that, under the set of operating conditions examined, the maximum slag temperature ranged between 1756 and 1825 K, which is in accordance with industrial measurements. Moreover, it was affirmed that contributions to slag stirring due to Lorentz forces and momentum forces due to the release of carbon monoxide bubbles from the electrode surface were negligible.

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“…Results from Li et al, [14] both laboratory scale and industrial size, demonstrate the strong effects of fill ratio (0.24 and 0.6) and electrical conductivity on the specific energy consumption with values below 1000 kWh t À1 at higher fill ratios combined with low or no CaF 2 -containing slags. CaF 2 -free slags in Brückmann and Schwerdtfeger [17] confirmed their particular advantage in specific energy consumption with values below 1000 kWh t À1 .There are only few reports of systematic research on energy consumption in ESR on the industrial scale. A recent investigation with a wider variation of slags is documented in refs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…[9] A comparison after remelting using a slag of 40% CaF 2 , 30% CaO, and 30% Al 2 O 3 with CaF 2 -free slags shows that, except for higher SiO 2 concentrations, good levels in cleanliness can also be achieved by all slags. [17] However, the investigated steel had a relatively high S content, hence improvements regarding cleanliness were dominantly connected with sulfur removal, which is not directly comparable with modern steelmaking praxis. Contrarily, according to Anable et al, [19] CaF 2 -free slags led to a limited cleaning effect compared to CaF 2 -rich ones.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Effect of the Slag Composition on the Process Behavior, Energy Consumption, and Nonmetallic Inclusions during Electroslag Remelting

Schneider

Wiesinger

Gelder

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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Electroslag remelting (ESR) is a well-established secondary refining process for many steels and Ni-base alloys with highest requirements regarding material properties. The main purposes are a dense solidification of ingots with a low degree of segregation as well as the reduction of medium-sized and especially complete removal of large nonmetallic inclusions (NMI). The specific energy consumption of ESR is documented in the range from 880 to over 2000 kWh t À1 . [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Rising requirements regarding sustainability, emission control, and environmental protection have triggered new awareness for this topic. [4,8,9] Besides plant geometry and design, the customarily CaF 2 -based slag plays the key role in the heat generation and energy consumption of ESR. Key properties are the melting point as well as the electrical and thermal conductivity. [2,10] Other factors such as fill ratio and the amount of slag, or the melt rate can also have a strong effect. [4,8,[11][12][13][14][15][16] According to Holzgruber, [16] rising fill ratios up to 0.4 lead to a reduction in specific energy consumption due to a better heat transfer into the electrode and less radiation losses at the free slag surface. A further increase in fill ratio surprisingly resulted in a reversed trend due to changing immersion depths. Results from Li et al., [14] both laboratory scale and industrial size, demonstrate the strong effects of fill ratio (0.24 and 0.6) and electrical conductivity on the specific energy consumption with values below 1000 kWh t À1 at higher fill ratios combined with low or no CaF 2 -containing slags. CaF 2 -free slags in Brückmann and Schwerdtfeger [17] confirmed their particular advantage in specific energy consumption with values below 1000 kWh t À1 .There are only few reports of systematic research on energy consumption in ESR on the industrial scale. A recent investigation with a wider variation of slags is documented in refs. [5][6][7], and confirms an almost linear increase with electrical conductivity. A similar but less pronounced increase is reported in Jäger and Kühnelt [18] for slag composition with a wide variety of CaF 2 contents and a significantly higher fill ratio. A recent summary on the different effects of the fill ratio and the electrical conductivity on the specific energy consumption can be found in Schneider et al., [4] indicating that the energy consumption data from laboratory scale

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Slag movement in ESR of steel

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

A CFD analysis of slag properties, electrode shape and immersion depth effects on electric submerged arc furnace heating in ferronickel processing

A CFD analysis of slag properties, electrode shape and immersion depth effects on electric submerged arc furnace heating in ferronickel processing

Pragmatic analysis of the electric submerged arc furnace continuum

Effect of the Slag Composition on the Process Behavior, Energy Consumption, and Nonmetallic Inclusions during Electroslag Remelting

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