SKYWARD: the next generation airborne infrared search and track

Fortunato, Luca; Colombi, G.; Ondini, Aurora; Quaranta, Carlo; Giunti, C.; Sozzi, B.; Balzarotti, Giorgio

doi:10.1117/12.2229065

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…According to the performance requirements of the dynamic scan and imaging system studied in this paper, the main performance requirements of the two-axis FSM are shown in Table 2. Control bandwidth/Hz ≥200 1 The optical aperture is an ellipse and its minor axis length and major axis length are 55 mm and 77.8 mm, respectively.…”

Section: Working Principle and Design Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the wide-area reconnaissance/search mode, the camera can obtain high-resolution images of the target area efficiently, which requires the aerial reconnaissance cameras to have the characteristics of high resolution and wide coverage. In the surveillance/tracking mode, the camera can obtain the target image and trajectory in real time, which requires the aerial reconnaissance camera to have the characteristics of a high frame frequency and positioning accuracy [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. There are four common aerial camera imaging modes: staring imaging, linear array scanning imaging, step and stare imaging, and dynamic scan and stare imaging [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conceptual Design and Image Motion Compensation Rate Analysis of Two-Axis Fast Steering Mirror for Dynamic Scan and Stare Imaging System

Sun

Ding

Zhang

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In order to enable the aerial photoelectric equipment to realize wide-area reconnaissance and target surveillance at the same time, a dual-band dynamic scan and stare imaging system is proposed in this paper. The imaging system performs scanning and pointing through a two-axis gimbal, compensating the image motion caused by the aircraft and gimbal angular velocity and the aircraft liner velocity using two two-axis fast steering mirrors (FSMs). The composition and working principle of the dynamic scan and stare imaging system, the detailed scheme of the two-axis FSM and the image motion compensation (IMC) algorithm are introduced. Both the structure and the mirror of the FSM adopt aluminum alloys, and the flexible support structure is designed based on four cross-axis flexural hinges. The Root-Mean-Square (RMS) error of the mirror reaches 15.8 nm and the total weight of the FSM assembly is 510 g. The IMC rate equations of the two-axis FSM are established based on the coordinate transformation method. The effectiveness of the FSM and IMC algorithm is verified by the dynamic imaging test in the laboratory and flight test.

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Section: Working Principle and Design Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual Design and Image Motion Compensation Rate Analysis of Two-Axis Fast Steering Mirror for Dynamic Scan and Stare Imaging System

Sun

Ding

Zhang

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Only the lens radius, air distance, and aspheric coefficient are slightly different, and the rest remain the same. The optimization commands of Zemax software are utilized to set the relationship among the image height, the focal length and the incident angle of the imaging system to meet Equation (6). For the above system, the MTF is close to the diffraction limit.…”

Section: Comparison and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third-generation IRST systems utilize the FPAs with step/stare imaging to achieve wide area coverage. The new IRST achieves greater performances than the previous generation thanks to their staring nature, i.e., to longer integration times (milliseconds rather than microseconds) [3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also suffer from more false alarms [2].The third-generation IRST systems utilize the FPAs with step/stare imaging to achieve wide area coverage. The new IRST achieves greater performances than the previous generation thanks to their staring nature, i.e., to longer integration times (milliseconds rather than microseconds) [3][4][5][6][7][8].In step/stare imaging applications, a high-resolution narrow FOV sensor is rapidly stepped or indexed across an area of interest, stopping at intervals to stare and collect imagery. Then the images at each location are stitched together to form a large but high-resolution image.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-Rotationally Symmetric Field Mapping for Back-Scanned Step/Stare Imaging System

Xin

Zhang

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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Step/stare imaging with focal plane arrays (FPAs) has become the main approach to achieve wide area coverage and high resolution imaging for long range targets. A fast steering mirror (FSM) is usually utilized to provide back-scanned motion to compensate for the image motion. However, the traditional optical design can just hold one field point relatively stable, typically the central or on-axis field point, on the FPA during back-scanning; all other field points may wander during the exposure due to imaging distortion characteristics of the optical system, which reduces the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the target. Aiming toward this problem, this paper proposes a non-rotationally symmetric field mapping method for the back-scanned step/stare imaging system, which can make all field points stable on the FPA during back-scanning. First of all, the mathematical model of non-rotationally symmetric field mapping between object space and image space is established. Then, a back-scanned step/stare imaging system based on the model is designed, in which this non-rotationally symmetric mapping can be implemented with an afocal telescope including freeform lenses. Freeform lenses can produce an anamorphic aberration to adjust distortion characteristics of the optical system to control image wander on an FPA. Furthermore, the simulations verify the effectiveness of the method.

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Coaxial Tracking Method of Infrared Search and Tracking System Based on Photoelectric Calibration

Zhang

2023

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

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SKYWARD: the next generation airborne infrared search and track

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Conceptual Design and Image Motion Compensation Rate Analysis of Two-Axis Fast Steering Mirror for Dynamic Scan and Stare Imaging System

Conceptual Design and Image Motion Compensation Rate Analysis of Two-Axis Fast Steering Mirror for Dynamic Scan and Stare Imaging System

Non-Rotationally Symmetric Field Mapping for Back-Scanned Step/Stare Imaging System

Coaxial Tracking Method of Infrared Search and Tracking System Based on Photoelectric Calibration

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