Skunk musk causes methemoglobin and Heinz body formation in vitro

Fierro, Brittney R.; Agnew, Dalen; Duncan, Ann E.; Lehner, Andreas F.; Scott, Michael A.

doi:10.1111/vcp.12074

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…In this case series, 2 dogs (Dog 5 and Dog 11) had diabetes mellitus, and 1 (Dog 3) had diabetic ketoacidosis. Studies have shown that diabetic ketoacidosis can cause oxidative damage to erythrocytes in cats and dogs ( 11 , 12 , 20 , 21 ). Additionally, some dogs in the present case series had inflammatory diseases (pancreatitis [Dog 3, Dog 4, and Dog 11] and pyometra [Dog 10]), which could contribute to oxidative damage, and 1 dog (Dog 4) had lymphoma, which could also cause oxidative damage ( 20 , 21 , 31 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have shown that diabetic ketoacidosis can cause oxidative damage to erythrocytes in cats and dogs ( 11 , 12 , 20 , 21 ). Additionally, some dogs in the present case series had inflammatory diseases (pancreatitis [Dog 3, Dog 4, and Dog 11] and pyometra [Dog 10]), which could contribute to oxidative damage, and 1 dog (Dog 4) had lymphoma, which could also cause oxidative damage ( 20 , 21 , 31 ). Since there was no correlation between the number of HBs and the dose of metamizole and because many dogs in this case series had multiple diseases/problems, the oxidative damage to erythrocytes could have been multifactorial and not only related to oxidative damage secondary to metamizole administration, at least in some dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few cases of HB anemia have been reported in dogs. The causes in these dogs were intoxication with zinc, methylene blue, acetaminophen, benzocaine, vitamin K 1+3 , naphthalene, phenylhydrazine, ingestion of certain vegetables (onions, chives, garlic), and skunk musk ( 13 – 20 ). Additionally, oxidative damage of erythrocytes indicated by the presence of eccentrocytes was shown in a study in dogs with lymphoma, diabetes mellitus, propofol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and coumarin intoxication prior to treatment with vitamin K ( 21 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case series: Heinz body formation in 13 multimorbid dogs following metamizole administration

2023

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BackgroundHeinz Body (HB) anemia is a result of oxidative damage and is an uncommon condition in dogs relative to cats. In this retrospective case series, clinical features, laboratory values, concurrent diseases, and outcomes of 13 multimorbid dogs that developed HBs after receiving metamizole are reported.Case descriptionOf the 13 dogs in this case series that developed HBs, 10 were older and multimorbid, but the only feature that all the dogs had in common was receiving metamizole. HBs were detected in 7 out of 13 dogs within a few days (3–10 days) after starting metamizole treatment. The metamizole dose was 38–159 mg/kg/day. The highest percentage of HBs detected was 28–95% (mean, 46%). There was no correlation between the percentage of HBs and the daily dose of metamizole. All but 1 dog had mild-to-severe anemia at the time of the highest HB appearance. The number of HBs did not correlate with the hematocrit at that time. In 8/12 dogs, no stress leukogram was present. Approximately half of the dogs with HBs also had evidence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, which could have masked additional oxidative damage.ConclusionIn multimorbid dogs that develop regenerative anemia after receiving metamizole, hemolysis due to HB development caused by oxidative damage should be considered as an important differential diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case series: Heinz body formation in 13 multimorbid dogs following metamizole administration

2023

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“…N. nasua is a member of the Family Procyonidae, Superfamily Canoidea, and Order Carnivora; therefore, the ferret and dog represent its closest domestic relatives . Heinz body hemolytic anemia has previously been described in dogs, cats, horses, ruminants, and a ferret, and has rarely been reported in captive or free‐ranging wild animals, including Atlantic puffins, common marmosets, cotton‐top tamarins, herring gulls, koalas, murres, a red panda, and a river otter . Heinz bodies have been described in the erythrocytes of healthy cats and several wild mammals but not in healthy coatis .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful management of Heinz body hemolytic anemia associated with leek (Allium ampeloprasum) ingestion in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)

Jayson

Masters

Strike

et al. 2019

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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Objective:To describe the diagnosis, management, and outcome of Heinz body hemolytic anemia in a South American coati (Nasua nasua) secondary to suspected leek (Allium ampeloprasum) toxicosis.Case Summary: A South American coati presented with Heinz body hemolytic anemia following addition of leeks to its diet for 2-5 days prior to initial presentation. Administration of a whole blood transfusion from an animal of the same species (conspecific) and supportive care resulted in immediate improvement in clinical signs. Normal behavior fully returned within 6 days of transfusion. Hematological evidence of anemia resolved by 4 weeks and there were no significant features of oxidative injury present by 8 weeks following initial presentation. New Information Provided:This is the first reported case of Heinz body hemolytic anemia, suspected leek toxicosis, and administration of a blood transfusion in this species.

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“…Methemoglobinemia in small animals has been documented to result from a variety of causes including congenital deficiencies such as methemoglobin reductase deficiency (cytochrome b5R deficiency),1,2 acetaminophen ingestion,3 topical benzocaine products,4 skunk musk,5 hydroxycarbamide,6 phenazopyridine,7 and nitrates/nitrites 8. Hemoglobin, as an oxygen-binding molecule, requires iron in the ferrous state for oxygen binding to occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Transient methemoglobinemia suspected secondary to ingestion of <em>Brassica</em> species in a dog</p>

Hendricks

Gates

2019

VMRR

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This case report describes methemoglobinemia in a dog suspected to be the result of consumption of a large volume of fermented bok choy. The patient presented with clinical signs and co-oximetry consistent with methemoglobinemia without ingestion of a known toxin. A large volume of fermented bok choy had been ingested earlier that day and decontamination procedures were performed as a result. Supportive care led to resolution of clinical signs and appropriate clearance of methemoglobin. While erythrocyte oxidant damage is a consequence of ingestion of plants in the genus Brassica (such as bok choy) in ruminant species due to rumen microbiota producing sulfur-containing compounds, specifically dimethyl disulfide, there are potential pathways that can lead to similar effects in monogastric animals. The methemoglobin formation in this patient may have resulted from the large volume consumed with the natural fermentation releasing dimethyl disulfide and leading to oxidant damage analogous with that in ruminants. This case report provides additional mechanisms for methemoglobin formation in dogs and to direct the clinician toward methemoglobinemia in patients with compatible clinical signs with ingestion of specific plant species.

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Skunk musk causes methemoglobin and Heinz body formation in vitro

Abstract: In vitro, skunk musk causes Heinz body and methemoglobin formation in canine, feline, and Red Panda RBC, supporting the clinical association between Heinz body hemolytic anemia and skunk spray exposure.

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Case series: Heinz body formation in 13 multimorbid dogs following metamizole administration

Case series: Heinz body formation in 13 multimorbid dogs following metamizole administration

Successful management of Heinz body hemolytic anemia associated with leek (Allium ampeloprasum) ingestion in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)

<p>Transient methemoglobinemia suspected secondary to ingestion of <em>Brassica</em> species in a dog</p>

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