Skull Fractures

Love, Jennifer C.; Derrick, Sharon M.; Wiersema, Jason M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-216-8_2

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Our results agree with other researchers who have found that head injuries are the leading cause of death in physical child abuse . The prevalence of head injuries in contrast to trunk and limb injuries in infants seems to be due to the larger size of the head compared with the rest of the body making the skulls and brains of infants more vulnerable to injuries than those of older children .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Deaths Due to Child Abuse: A 6‐Year Review of Cases in The Cook County Medical Examiner's Office

Serinelli

Arunkumar

Filkins

et al. 2016

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Case files from the Cook County Medical Examiner's Office from 2007 to 2012 were reviewed to analyze homicides due to physical child abuse in children <3 years old. Fatal cases mostly involved younger subjects. Intracranial injuries were the leading cause of death, while death due to extracranial injuries was uncommon. Eyes were involved in most of the cases. Spinal cord was involved in about 1/3 of the cases, mostly in the thoracic area. In some cases, previous injuries were present. There were significant differences in the pattern of injuries between age groups. Subjects showing signs of impact to the head and subjects with no evidence of an impact showed no significant difference in internal injuries. The association of multiple injuries is highly suggestive of child abuse. In suspected child abuse, a postmortem examination including neuropathological, ophthalmological, and radiological information should be always evaluated, together with investigative reports and the medical history.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Deaths Due to Child Abuse: A 6‐Year Review of Cases in The Cook County Medical Examiner's Office

Serinelli

Arunkumar

Filkins

et al. 2016

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…Diploë is not well developed along sutural regions [ 34 ], which are primarily composed of cortical bone. It does not generally form within the sphenoid ala, cribriform and orbital plates ( pars orbitalis ), middle cranial fossa floor, posterior cranial fossa between the mastoid and sigmoid and transverse sulci, and the squamous portion of the temporal [ 8 , 22 ]. In contrast, significant cranial thickening and diploë development is observed along heavily enhanced regions near glabella and opisthocranion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mortality rates for pediatric cranial non‐accidental injury (NAI) are at least 30% and are attributable to deleterious effects of direct impact or inertial brain motion from acceleration/deceleration and rotational forces [ 2 ]. Pediatric cranial NAI is often associated with cranial fracture, increasing the risk of fatal neurotrauma [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal non‐accidental pediatric cranial fracture risk and three‐layered cranial architecture development

Boyd

Cheek

Boyd

2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This study examines the influence of three-layered cranial architecture development upon blunt force trauma (BFT) cranial outcomes associated with pediatric non-accidental injury (NAI). Macroscopic and microscopic metric and morphological comparisons of subadult crania ranging from perinatal to 17 years of age chronicle the ontogenetic development and spatial and temporal variability in the emergence of a mature cranial architecture. Cranial vault thickness increases with subadult age, accelerating in the first 2 years of life due to rapid brain growth during this period.Three-layer differentiation of the cranial tables and diploë initiates by 3-6 months but is not consistently observed until 18 months to 2 years; diploë formation is not well developed until after age 4 and does not manifest a mature appearance until after age 8. These results allow topographic documentation of cortical and diploic development and temporal and spatial variability across the growing cranium. The lateral cranial vault is identified as expressing delayed development and reduced expression of the three-layer architecture, a pattern that continues into adulthood. Comparison of fracture locations from known BFT pediatric cases with identified cranial fracture high-risk impact regions shows a concordance and suggests the presence of a higher fracture risk associated with non-accidental BFT in the lateral vault region in subadults below the age of 2. The absence or lesser development of a three-layered architecture in subadults leaves their cranial bones, particularly in the lateral vault, thin and vulnerable to the effects of BFT.

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Skull Fractures

Cited by 2 publications

References 66 publications

Deaths Due to Child Abuse: A 6‐Year Review of Cases in The Cook County Medical Examiner's Office

Deaths Due to Child Abuse: A 6‐Year Review of Cases in The Cook County Medical Examiner's Office

Fatal non‐accidental pediatric cranial fracture risk and three‐layered cranial architecture development

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