Skipping breakfast during pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Japanese women: the Tohoku medical megabank project birth and three-generation cohort study

Abstract

Background Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) adversely affect the prognosis of mother and child, and the prognosis depends on the subtype of HDP. Skipping breakfast may be associated with increased blood pressure due to disruption of the circadian clock, but the association with the development of HDP has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between skipping breakfast and the development of HDP and HDP subtypes in Japanese pregnant women. Methods Of the pregnant women who participated in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Three-Generation Cohort Study, 18,839 who answered the required questions were included in the analysis. This study had a cross-sectional design. The breakfast intake frequency from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy was classified into four groups: daily, 5–6 times per week, 3–4 times per week, and 0–2 times per week. HDP was classified into gestational hypertension (GH), chronic hypertension (CH), preeclampsia (PE), and severe preeclampsia (SuPE). Multiple logistic regression analysis and multinomial logistic analysis were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breakfast intake frequency and development of HDP or HDP subtypes. We performed a stratified analysis based on energy intake. Results Of the participants, 74.3% consumed breakfast daily, and 11.1% developed HDP. Women who consumed breakfast 0–2 times per week had a higher risk of HDP (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14–1.56), CH (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.21–2.19), and PE (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.27–2.21) than those who consumed breakfast daily. No association was found between skipping breakfast and the risk of developing GH (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.99–1.61) and SuPE (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.55–1.49). Stratified analysis showed that the risk of developing HDP due to skipping breakfast was highest in the group with the highest daily energy intake. Conclusions Skipping breakfast during pre-to early pregnancy is associated with the development of HDP. Further longitudinal studies are required to clarify the causal association between skipping breakfast and HDP.

Food consumption score and predictors among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Using ordinal logistic regression model

“…During the period of gestation, meal patterning is highly important since pregnant women who sustain prolonged periods of time without food by skipping meals or snacks may be inducing a physiologic stress in their pregnancy [ 39 ]. Even though accidentally skipping a meal is not going to be harmful, skipping meals regularly for different reasons is not advisable to have a better pregnancy outcome [ 40 , 41 ]. Moreover, from different studies, it has been seen that skipping meals during this period is associated decreased dietary quality [ 15 ].…”

Development, validation, and reliability of the Chrononutrition Profile Questionnaire-Pregnancy (CPQ-P)

“…A study done in Singapore had reported that pregnant women had a high prevalence of meal skipping and meal delaying (28% and 29% respectively), and it has been correlated with poor sleep and emotion [10]. Notably, breakfast skipping was examined in most chrononutrition-related studies, as it is the first meal taken in a day [11,12]. Gontijo et al (2018) reported that an earlier breakfast, longer eating window, and more meals taken in a day was associated with improved diet quality during pregnancy, which can be favourable for the mother's health [13].…”

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“…During the period of gestation, meal patterning is highly important since pregnant women who sustain prolonged periods of time without food by skipping meals or snacks may be inducing a physiologic stress in their pregnancy [39]. Even though accidentally skipping a meal is not going to be harmful, skipping meals regularly for different reasons is not advisable to have a better pregnancy outcome [40,41]. Moreover, from different studies, it has been seen that skipping meals during this period is associated decreased dietary quality [15].…”