Skin Prick Test Extracts for Dog Allergy Diagnosis Show Considerable Variations Regarding the Content of Major and Minor Dog Allergens

Curin, Mirela; Reininger, Renate; Swoboda, Ines; Focke, M.; Valenta, Rudolf; Spitzauer, Susanne

doi:10.1159/000321113

Cited by 81 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The quality of an allergen extract is influenced by the production process but also by the source material, which may cause considerable variations. In fact, several studies have shown that the allergen content of extracts varies between different manufacturers as well as between batches 15,16. Standardization protocols to determine the potency of an extract start with skin prick tests on selected sensitized patients.…”

Section: Molecular Characterization Of Allergensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Approach to Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy

2014

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Presently, allergy diagnosis and therapy procedures are undergoing a transition phase in which allergen extracts are being step-by-step replaced by molecule-based products. The new developments will allow clinicians to obtain detailed information on sensitization patterns, more accurate interpretation of allergic symptoms, and thus improved patients' management. In this respect, recombinant technology has been applied to develop this new generation of molecule-based allergy products. The use of recombinant allergens allows full validation of identity, quantity, homogeneity, structure, aggregation, solubility, stability, IgE-binding and the biologic potency of the products. In contrast, such parameters are extremely difficult to assay and standardize for extract-based products. In addition to the possibility of bulk production of wild type molecules for diagnostic purposes, recombinant technology opened the possibility of developing safer and more efficacious products for allergy therapy. A number of molecule-based hypoallergenic preparations have already been successfully evaluated in clinical trials, bringing forward the next generation of allergy vaccines. In this contribution, we review the latest developments in allergen characterization, molecule-based allergy diagnosis, and the application of recombinant allergens in therapeutic setups. A comprehensive overview of clinical trials using recombinant allergens as well as synthetic peptides is presented.

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Section: Molecular Characterization Of Allergensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Approach to Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy

2014

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“…Several disadvantages of extract-based SIT (i.e., variable composition and allergen content [10–13, 14•], lack of allergen components [10, 11], contamination with other allergen sources [34], or bacterial components [35, 36]) can be overcome by using selected panels of unmodified recombinant or purified natural allergens for SIT. Evidence that this approach is effective has already been produced in two separate published clinical trials.…”

Section: Treatment Forms Based On Recombinant Allergens and Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In reality, however, this is often not the case, as the content and quality of extracts is dependent on the source material, which shows natural variations, thus causing variability [10–13, 14•]. This issue remained unresolved until recombinant allergens became available [15, 16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allergen Peptides, Recombinant Allergens and Hypoallergens for Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy

Marth

Focke‐Tejkl

Lupinek

et al. 2014

Curr Treat Options Allergy

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Opinion statementAllergic diseases are among the most common health issues worldwide. Specific immunotherapy has remained the only disease-modifying treatment, but it is not effective in all patients and may cause side effects. Over the last 25 years, allergen molecules from most prevalent allergen sources have been isolated and produced as recombinant proteins. Not only are these molecules useful in improved allergy diagnosis, but they also have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of allergic disease by means of immunotherapy. Panels of unmodified recombinant allergens have already been shown to effectively replace natural allergen extracts in therapy. Through genetic engineering, several molecules have been designed with modified immunological properties. Hypoallergens have been produced that have reduced IgE binding capacity but retained T cell reactivity and T cell peptides which stimulate allergen-specific T cells, and these have already been investigated in clinical trials. New vaccines have been recently created with both reduced IgE and T cell reactivity but retained ability to induce protective allergen-specific IgG antibodies. The latter approach works by fusing per se non-IgE reactive peptides derived from IgE binding sites of the allergens to a virus protein, which acts as a carrier and provides the T-cell help necessary for immune stimulation and protective antibody production. In this review, we will highlight the different novel approaches for immunotherapy and will report on prior and ongoing clinical studies.

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“…This is especially important for standardization of the material used for diagnostics. For example, a significant variation in allergen content was found in dog extracts [40]. …”

Section: Cat and Dog Samentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum albumins—Unusual allergens

Chruszcz

Mikolajczak

Mank

et al. 2013

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

101

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Background Albumins are multifunctional proteins present in the blood serum of animals. They can bind and transport a wide variety of ligands which they accommodate due to their conformational flexibility. Serum albumins are highly conserved both in amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure. Several mammalian and avian serum albumins (SAs) are also allergens. Sensitization to one of the SAs coupled with the high degree of conservation between SAs may result in cross-reactive antibodies in allergic individuals. Sensitivity to SA generally begins with exposure to an aeroallergen, which can then lead to cross-sensitization to serum albumins present in food. Scope of Review This review focuses on the allergenicity of SAs presented in a structural context. Major Conclusions SA allergenicity is unusual taking into account the high sequence identity and similarity between SA from different species and human serum albumin. Cross-reactivity of human antibodies towards different SAs is one of the most important characteristics of these allergens. General Significance Establishing a relationship between sequence and structure of different SAs and their interactions with antibodies is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of cross-sensitization of atopic individuals. Structural information can also lead to better design and production of recombinant SAs to replace natural proteins in allergy testing and desensitization. Therefore, structural analyses are important for diagnostic and treatment purposes.

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Skin Prick Test Extracts for Dog Allergy Diagnosis Show Considerable Variations Regarding the Content of Major and Minor Dog Allergens

Cited by 81 publications

References 56 publications

Molecular Approach to Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy

Molecular Approach to Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy

Allergen Peptides, Recombinant Allergens and Hypoallergens for Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy

Serum albumins—Unusual allergens

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