Skin phosphocreatine

Abstract

Background/purpose: The skin has the unique ability to survive ischemia associated with skin grafts, flaps and hair transplantation procedures. Spectroscopic data later confirmed by chromatography, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques identified the presence of large quantities of phosphocreatine in human skin. Phosphocreatine molecules regenerate ATP cellular reserves during ischemia. This reaction is mediated by creatine phosphokinase enzymes that were also isolated and studied in normal and diseased skin. Methods: Literature search revealed important contributions by US, Swiss, German, French, Scandinavian and Japanese investigators in the development and understanding of this research field. Results: Serum creatine phosphokinase levels are elevated in burn victims and patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. Phosphocreatine concentration and creatine phosphokinase activity are elevated in psoriatic skin and in non-melanoma malignancies in comparison with normal skin. Furthermore, skin phosphocreatine and creatine phos-

Molecular characterization and quantification using state of the art solid-state adiabatic TOBSY NMR in burn trauma

“…Our observation of increased PCr (Table I) in burn tissue provides support for the notion that PCr is increased in response to burn injury (40). Both the PCr and creatine increases that we observed are probably due to an elevated activity of creatine phosphokinase enzyme (CPK) which mediates the conversion of ATP to PCr and PCr’s breakdown to creatine and phosphorous.…”

“…Both the PCr and creatine increases that we observed are probably due to an elevated activity of creatine phosphokinase enzyme (CPK) which mediates the conversion of ATP to PCr and PCr’s breakdown to creatine and phosphorous. Indeed, CPK is elevated in burn victims, probably due to keratinocyte necrosis and leakage of CPK into circulation (40). …”

Topically applied growth factors change skin cytoplasmic creatine kinase activity and distribution and produce abnormal keratinocyte differentiation in murine skin

“…In the past 10 years, a number of research groups around the world confirmed our results by spectroscopic, chromatographic and, most recently, by molecular biology and immunohistochemical methods and this information was recently reviewed in a published editorial (6–8). The skin has a metabolically very active and functional PCR/CPK system that, among other things, explains the unique ability of cutaneous tissue to withstand ischemia associated with skin flaps, grafts and hair transplantation procedures; it also plays an important role in protecting skin from ultraviolet radiation (6–8). Unfortunately, only very few dermatologists and other investigators are even aware of the existence of skin CPK/PCR systems; as these authors and Caux discussed, over 10 years ago, our understanding of skin CPK/PCR system is at best extremely limited (9, 10).…”

“…The present authors were the first to detect PCR in human skin in vivo by 31 P MRS (3), to measure skin PCR molecular concentration by high-pressure liquid chromatography (4) and measure cytosol CPK level in normal human, murine, human psoriatic skin and in a variety of benign and malignant human skin lesions (5). In the past 10 years, a number of research groups around the world confirmed our results by spectroscopic, chromatographic and, most recently, by molecular biology and immunohistochemical methods and this information was recently reviewed in a published editorial (6)(7)(8). The skin has a metabolically very active and functional PCR/CPK system that, among other things, explains the unique ability of cutaneous tissue to withstand ischemia associated with skin flaps, grafts and hair transplantation procedures; it also plays an important role in protecting skin from ultraviolet radiation (6)(7)(8).…”

The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatine

“…In epithelial cells of the intestine (Sistermans et al 1995a) CK may be involved in food absorption and transport, as well as cell renewal. In skin, BB-CK and umtCK have been localized in the keratinocytes of the highly proliferative suprabasal layer of the epidermis, as well as in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands (Schlattner et al 2002), indicating a function of the CK/PCr system for normal skin function (Zemtsov 2007), proliferation and hair growth (Schlattner et al 2002). During wound healing, CK isoforms were highly upregulated indicating a function of CK and Cr (Schlattner et al 2002).…”