Skin mechanical properties and modeling: A review

Joodaki, Hamed; Panzer, Matthew B.

doi:10.1177/0954411918759801

Cited by 340 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(200 reference statements)

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“…This points to the high sensitivity of penetration depth on material properties and underlines the need of adjusting the micro-jet injector to the different skin types which naturally possess different elastic modulus depending on the individual subject and conditions 32 . Furthermore, cancerous tissues are in general stiffer 23 than healthy ones, thus we can expect that drug delivery into a skin cancer site 33 would require higher power jets.…”

Section: Depth Of the Penetration With Different Capillary Diametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repetitive regime of highly focused liquid microjets for needle-free injection

Krizek

Delrot

Moser

2020

Sci Rep

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fast liquid jets are investigated for use as a needle-free drug delivery system into an elastic tissue such as skin. Using smaller jet diameters in a repetitive regime can mitigate bruising and pain associated with current injectors. in this study, we aim to unravel the potential of the method to deliver liquids into biological tissues having higher elasticity than healthy skin (i.e >60 kPa). To address this challenge, we have implemented a laser-based jetting system capable of generating supersonic liquid microjets in a repetitive regime. We provide insights on the penetration of microjets into hydrogel samples with elastic modulus ranging from 16 kPa to 0.5 MPa. The unprecedented speeds of injection (>680 m/s) together with a newly introduced repetitive regime opens possibilities for usage in needle-free drug administration into materials with elasticity covering the wide spectrum of biological soft tissues like blood vessels, all skin layers, scarred or dried skin or tumors.Development of needle-free delivery systems for distribution of medicines was listed as one of the grand challenges in global health 1 . The goal is to reduce contaminated waste, mitigate the risk of disease spreading or to avoid needle-stick accidents. Fast liquid jets carry spatially confined kinetic energy that can penetrate into a tissue 2 . Motivation for this work ranges from the development of needle-free transdermal drug injectors 3-9 , "liquid scalpel" for soft tissue dissecting 10-12 or devices for gene delivery [13][14][15] . The main advantage lies in the smaller extent of collateral damage caused to the tissue, superior lateral precision and addressability of certain depths 16 .The use of currently available jet injectors is associated with pain and bruising which originates from the relatively large injection depth and volume 4 . This can be addressed by injecting smaller diameter jets in repetitive regime thus compensating for the smaller volume of each jet by its multiplicity. In the context of needle-free drug delivery, this strategy was first implemented by Arora 4 using a piezo actuator system 17 . The Arora study 4 showed that in vivo injection in rats minimized the collateral damage and provided sufficient dosage of insulin. The same technology was used by Römgens et al. 3 who reported a delivery efficiency through the first skin layer (epidermis) as high as 90%. Jets were mostly stopped by the reticular dermis and reached the hypodermis with the efficiency of only 12%. With regard to the diagram presented by Rodríguez et al. 18 we can claim, that such shallow penetration prevents this technology from delivering a drug aimed to reach the hypodermis or muscle tissue.

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Section: Depth Of the Penetration With Different Capillary Diametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repetitive regime of highly focused liquid microjets for needle-free injection

Krizek

Delrot

Moser

2020

Sci Rep

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“…Skin is a viscoelastic material which shows relaxation when stretched and kept at a constant strain [16]. Pressing a jet injector with a spacer ring results in a compression force on the skin as well as tangential stress within the skin, as shown in figure 1(b).…”

Section: Results and Discussion I Applied Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loading effects on the performance of needle free jet injections in different skin models

Rohilla

Lawal

Blanc

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Intradermal delivery of vaccines with jet injection is one of the leading alternatives to conventional delivery with hypodermic needles via the Mantoux technique. However, for a given fluid, the effects of various parameters related to injector design, as well as skin properties are still not well understood. Whilst the key design parameters are orifice diameter, jet speed, ampoule volume, and standoff distances, we must also consider applied load of the device on the skin, and axial skin tension. These parameters are all studied herein using different ex-vivo models (guinea pig, pig and human skin) and different fluid viscosities. We find that the applied load can have a significant effect on the amount of drug delivered through the skin, as well as the fluid dispersion pattern in the intradermal tissues. Regardless of skin type or fluid viscosity, we show that minimal standoff and applied loads of approximately 1 kg should be used to maximize injection efficiency when targeting intradermal tissue.

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“…The mechanical properties of the skin are nonlinear and largely vary among persons, skins, sexes, and ages . Typically Young's modulus of skin from forearm is in the range of 1–10 kPa which might increase to 15 MPa for forehead .…”

Section: Human Tactile Sensing: Biology Perception and Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a common material used in conventional devices, silicon, has a Young's modulus greater than 100 GPa. In contrast, common silicone (PDMS) materials have Young's moduli lower than about 1 MPa, overlapping the range for human skin . The comfort, conformability, and ergonomic advantages that such materials afford have attracted interest for applications in healthcare, wearable computing, and, increasingly, haptics.…”

Section: Tactile Displays Based On Emerging Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Material Technologies for Haptics

Biswas

Visell

2019

Adv Materials Technologies

110

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The sense of touch is involved in nearly all human activities, but information technologies for displaying tactile sensory information to the skin are rudimentary when compared to state‐of‐the‐art video and audio displays, or to tactile perceptual capabilities. Realizing tactile displays with good perceptual fidelity will require major advances in engineering, design, and fabrication. Research over several decades has highlighted the difficulties of meeting the required performance benchmarks using conventional devices, processes, and techniques. This has highlighted the important role that will be played by new material technologies that can bridge the electronic and mechanical domains. This must occur at the smallest scales, because of the great perceptual spatial and temporal acuity of the sense of touch. The requirements involved also furnish valuable performance benchmarks against which many emerging material technologies are being evaluated. This article highlights recent research and possibilities enabled through new material technologies, ranging from organic electronic materials, to carbon nanomaterials, and a variety of composites. Emerging material technologies are surveyed for the sense of touch, including sensory considerations and requirements, materials, actuation principles, and design and fabrication methods. A conclusion reflects on the main open challenges and future prospects for research in this area.

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Skin mechanical properties and modeling: A review

Cited by 340 publications

References 106 publications

Repetitive regime of highly focused liquid microjets for needle-free injection

Repetitive regime of highly focused liquid microjets for needle-free injection

Loading effects on the performance of needle free jet injections in different skin models

Emerging Material Technologies for Haptics

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