Skin Irritation and Sensitization: Mechanisms and New Approaches for Risk Assessment

Fluhr, Joachim W.; Darlenski, Razvigor; Angelova-Fischer, Irena; Tsankov, Nikolaï; Basketter, D.A.

doi:10.1159/000131077

Cited by 113 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 195 publications

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“…The reaction is sensitive to the integrity of the skin barrier. Barrier dysfunction can amplify the response to irritating stimuli and their inflammatory potential via a modulation of signal molecules [21] . After supplementation with flaxseed oil, both erythema formation and capillary blood flow were diminished, suggesting that flaxseed oil intake improved epidermal function and modulated inflammation depending on signal molecules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementation of Flaxseed Oil Diminishes Skin Sensitivity and Improves Skin Barrier Function and Condition

Neukam

Spirt

Stahl

et al. 2010

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Skin sensitivity is a common problem in the Western population correlated with changes of skin properties like skin barrier function, hydration and skin physiology. Skin properties can be modulated by dietary fatty acids (FA), especially poly-unsaturated FA. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of daily supplementation with flaxseed oil and safflowerseed oil on healthy volunteers with sensitive skin. Methods: The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind 12-week intervention with 2 female treatment groups (n = 13). Plasma FA profile, skin sensitivity, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin surface were evaluated on day 0, week 6 and week 12. Results: Supplementation with flaxseed oil led to significant decreases in sensitivity (after nicotinate irritation), TEWL, skin roughness and scaling, while smoothness and hydration were increased. Concomitantly, the ratio of n–6/n–3 FA in plasma decreased. Upon supplementation with safflowerseed oil, only a significant improvement in skin roughness and hydration was observed; however, the effects were less pronounced and determined at a later point in time than with flaxseed oil. The plasma n–6/n–3 FA ratio increased. Conclusion: The data provide evidence that daily intake of flaxseed oil modulates skin condition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementation of Flaxseed Oil Diminishes Skin Sensitivity and Improves Skin Barrier Function and Condition

Neukam

Spirt

Stahl

et al. 2010

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…Furthermore the purification process removes any pesticide residues to below 1 ppm. The irritation and sensitization potential of topically applied products is an ongoing matter of debate [18,19] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Effect of HPA Lanolin versus Expressed Breastmilk on Painful and Damaged Nipples during Lactation

Abou-Dakn

Fluhr

Gensch

et al. 2010

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Painful and/or damaged nipples associated with breastfeeding are common and represent a challenge for both the persons experiencing nipple pain and/or trauma and for those providing treatment. However, evidence-based data has been insufficient to demonstrably minimize these common reasons for failure to initiate or continue successful breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of specific-grade highly purified anhydrous (HPA) lanolin versus expressed breastmilk (EBM) for the treatment of painful and damaged nipples associated with breastfeeding in a prospective controlled clinical trial evaluating 84 lactating mothers. Nipple trauma and healing rates were rated by the Nipple Trauma Score. Nipple pain intensity was assessed on a visual analog scale. Outcome parameters were in favor of the HPA lanolin group, reaching statistical significance for healing rates, nipple trauma and nipple pain. In our study, we found HPA lanolin more effective than EBM, inducing faster healing of nipple trauma (absolute risk reduction of 0.43) and reducing nipple pain (absolute risk reduction of 0.61 on day 3). We concluded that HPA lanolin, combined with breastfeeding education, was more effective than EBM, combined with breastfeeding education, in reducing nipple pain and promoting healing of nipple trauma.

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“…The innate immune system is turned on leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha [17][18][19]. T cells are activated by TNF alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6.…”

Section: Cytokine Cascadementioning

confidence: 99%

Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Mechanisms to Repair

Eberting¹

2014

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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Irritant contact dermatitis is an extremely common condition resulting from epidermal exposure to any number of skin irritants. Upon contact with skin irritants, the epidermis develops many identifiable problems including specific epidermal lipid deficiencies, elevated epidermal pH with concomitant suppression of epidermal lipid production, pHdependent susceptibility to infection, inflammation, and aberrant calcium gradients. By addressing these problems simultaneously, and through irritant avoidance, the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis can be maximized.

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Skin Irritation and Sensitization: Mechanisms and New Approaches for Risk Assessment

Cited by 113 publications

References 195 publications

Supplementation of Flaxseed Oil Diminishes Skin Sensitivity and Improves Skin Barrier Function and Condition

Supplementation of Flaxseed Oil Diminishes Skin Sensitivity and Improves Skin Barrier Function and Condition

Positive Effect of HPA Lanolin versus Expressed Breastmilk on Painful and Damaged Nipples during Lactation

Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Mechanisms to Repair

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