Skin corrosion and irritation test of sunscreen nanoparticles using reconstructed 3D human skin model

Abstract

ObjectivesEffects of nanoparticles including zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, and their mixtures on skin corrosion and irritation were investigated by using in vitro 3D human skin models (KeraSkinTM) and the results were compared to those of an in vivo animal test.MethodsSkin models were incubated with nanoparticles for a definite time period and cell viability was measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Skin corrosion and irritation were identified by the decreased viability based on the pre-determined threshold.ResultsCell viability after exposure to nanomaterial was not decreased to the pre-determined threshold level, which was 15% after 60 minutes exposure in corrosion test and 50% after 45 minutes exposure in the irritation test. IL-1α release and histopathological findings support the results of cell viability test. In vivo test using rabbits also showed non-corrosive and non-irritant results.ConclusionsThe findings provide the evidence that zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles and their mixture are ‘non corrosive’ and ‘non-irritant’ to the human skin by a globally harmonized classification system. In vivo test using animals can be replaced by an alternative in vitro test.

Critical review of the current and future challenges associated with advancedin vitrosystems towards the study of nanoparticle (secondary) genotoxicity

“…KeraSkin™ has also been compared with an in vivo model following treatment with ZnO NPs where skin erosion and irritation were assessed by changes in cell viability. This study demonstrated that the in vitro data were comparable to the in vivo response with the reconstructed skin model (68). …”

Skin irritation potential of graphene-based materials using a non-animal test

“…23 Accordingly, irritant treatments, either with SDS or SDBS, significantly increase IL-1α release, in line with literature data. [23][24][25][26][27] More importantly, FLG-SDS and FLG-SDBS induced a significant release of IL-1α, at levels comparable to those released by the relevant positive controls. This observation strengthens the conclusion that these materials can be considered as skin irritants and further supports the hypothesis that, for these materials, skin irritation may be due to the surfactant residues.…”

Assessment of the in vitro dermal irritation potential of cerium, silver, and titanium nanoparticles in a human skin equivalent model

“…The information available on whether or not metal nanoparticles are dermal irritants is limited. Nanosized cerium dioxide (particle size of 9 nm), silica (7 and 10-20 nm), titanium dioxide (21 nm) and zinc oxide (35 nm) were not irritants in vitro to a human skin equivalent model derived from keratinocytes 14,15,16 . In addition, there is no current evidence that metal nanoparticles are human dermal irritants.…”