Skin Carotenoids: A Biomarker of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Children

Aguilar, Sheryl S.; Wengreen, Heidi J.; Lefevre, Michael; Madden, Gregory J.; Gast, Julie

doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.04.026

Cited by 65 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Studies indicate that short questions and 24-hour dietary recall are valid measures of fruit and vegetable intake. 25,26 Further, it was not possible to use the cut-offs outlined in the dietary guidelines to stratify participants according to nutritional intake as consumption of fruit and vegetables at baseline and follow-up was poor. There were comparatively low numbers of smokers or risky drinkers in childhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Tracking of Blood Pressure from Childhood to Adulthood: The Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study

Kelly

Thomson

Smith

et al. 2015

The Journal of Pediatrics

115

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Tracking of Blood Pressure from Childhood to Adulthood: The Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study

Kelly

Thomson

Smith

et al. 2015

The Journal of Pediatrics

115

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“…34 Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used extensively in several nutritional epidemiology studies and is considered an excellent noninvasive biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake and has been validated by skin biopsy studies to correspond well with skin carotenoid content measured by HPLC 13 and serum carotenoid levels (Table 3). 13,18,19,27,35–40 After daily calibration, a 488-nm blue laser light illuminates a small patch of the subject's palm for approximately 30 seconds. Back-scattered light is collected, and a holographic notch filter rejects Rayleigh-scattered light.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations Between Macular, Skin, and Serum Carotenoids

Conrady

Bell

Besch

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PurposeOcular and systemic measurement and imaging of the macular carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin have been employed extensively as potential biomarkers of AMD risk. In this study, we systematically compare dual wavelength retinal autofluorescence imaging (AFI) of macular pigment with skin resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and serum carotenoid levels in a clinic-based population.MethodsEighty-eight patients were recruited from retina and general ophthalmology practices from a tertiary referral center and excluded only if they did not have all three modalities tested, had a diagnosis of macular telangiectasia (MacTel) or Stargardt disease, or had poor AFI image quality. Skin, macular, and serum carotenoid levels were measured by RRS, AFI, and HPLC, respectively.ResultsSkin RRS measurements and serum zeaxanthin concentrations correlated most strongly with AFI macular pigment volume under the curve (MPVUC) measurements up to 9° eccentricity relative to MPVUC or rotationally averaged macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements at smaller eccentricities. These measurements were reproducible and not significantly affected by cataracts. We also found that these techniques could readily identify subjects taking oral carotenoid-containing supplements.ConclusionsLarger macular pigment volume AFI and skin RRS measurements are noninvasive, objective, and reliable methods to assess ocular and systemic carotenoid levels. They are an attractive alternative to psychophysical and optical methods that measure MPOD at a limited number of eccentricities. Consequently, skin RRS and MPVUC at 9° are both reasonable biomarkers of macular carotenoid status that could be readily adapted to research and clinical settings.

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“…A near-normal distribution of inter-individual variability in dermal carotenoid status for a sample of 381 children was obtained, and parent-reported V/F intake was identified as a major factor associated with the biomarker in this population [12]. Another study, involving children with ages 10 to 17 (n = 45), established a correlation between skin and serum carotenoids (R 2 ~ 0.5) [13], and also reported a correlation between skin carotenoids and reported food intake (R 2 = 0.32) [13]. These correlations were largely confirmed in a third study, which enrolled 128 children aged 8–17, and found respective correlations with R = 0.62 and R = 0.4 [14].…”

Section: Skin Carotenoid Screening Of Children In Day-care Centersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical assessment of skin carotenoid status as a biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake

Ermakov

Ermakova

Sharifzadeh

et al. 2018

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

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Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and reflection spectroscopy (RS) are optical methods applicable to the non-invasive detection of carotenoids in human skin. RRS is the older, more thoroughly validated method, whereas RS is newer and has several advantages. Since collective skin carotenoid levels serve as a biomarker for vegetable and fruit intake, both methods hold promise as convenient screening tools for assessment of dietary interventions and correlations between skin carotenoids and health and disease outcomes. In this manuscript, we describe the most recent optimized device configurations and compare their use in various clinical and field settings. Both RRS and RS devices yield a wide range of skin carotenoid levels between subjects, which is a critical feature for a biomarker. Repeatability of the methods is 3-15% depending on the subject's skin carotenoid level and the uniformity of its local distribution. For 54 subjects recruited from an ophthalmology clinic, we first checked the validity of the relatively novel RS methodology via biochemical serum carotenoid measurements, the latter carried out with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A high correlation between RS skin and serum HPLC carotenoid levels was established (R = 0.81; p < 0.001). Also, a high correlation was found between RS and RRS skin levels (R = 0.94 p < 0.001). Subsequent comparisons of skin carotenoid measurements in diverse age groups and ethnicities included 569 Japanese adults, 947 children with ages 2-5 screened in 24 day care centers in San Francisco, and 49 predominantly Hispanic adults screened at an outdoor health fair event. Depending on the particular subject group, correlation coefficients between the RRS and RS methods ranged between R ∼0.80 and R ∼0.96. Analysis of the Japanese screening showed that, on average, skin carotenoid levels are higher in women compared to men, skin levels do not depend on age, and tobacco smokers have reduced levels versus non-smokers. For the two most ethnically diverse groups with widely varying melanin levels, we investigated the effect of dermal melanin on RS and RRS skin carotenoid levels. The analysis revealed that large variations in skin carotenoid levels remain detectable independent of the particular melanin index. This behavior is consistent with the absence of melanin effects on the skin carotenoid levels generated with the instrument configurations. The RS method has an advantage over RRS in its relative simplicity. Due to its detection of skin reflection over a wide spectral range from the near UV to the near IR, it has the unique ability to quantify each of the major tissue chromophores and take them into account in the derivation of skin carotenoid levels.

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Skin Carotenoids: A Biomarker of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Children

Cited by 65 publications

References 20 publications

Factors Affecting Tracking of Blood Pressure from Childhood to Adulthood: The Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study

Factors Affecting Tracking of Blood Pressure from Childhood to Adulthood: The Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study

Correlations Between Macular, Skin, and Serum Carotenoids

Optical assessment of skin carotenoid status as a biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake

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