Skin and Carbon Dioxide Laser Radiation

Brownell, Arnold S.; Parr, W.H.; Hysell, David K.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1969.10665433

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…9, the simulated damage threshold radiant exposures for CO 2 ͑10.6 m͒ laser irradiation are compared with the published pigskin damage threshold data. 27 The higher prediction of threshold radiant exposure at 20 s was due to the overestimation of evaporative cooling rate. Excluding that point, good agreement was observed between the opticalthermal-damage model and experimental results.…”

Section: Predicted Thermal Damagementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Figure 9 is a comparison of the simulated damage thresholds and the pigskin damage threshold data. 27 The predicted damage thresholds for 10.6-m ͑CO 2 laser͒ and 2.0-m laser irradiation as a function of exposure duration are compared in Fig. 10.…”

Section: Damage Predictions By the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead of using Gaussian beam irradiance, a 1.9-cm flat-top laser beam was employed in the model to simulate the laser profile used in the published pigskin laser threshold damage experiments. 27 Simulation determined the threshold radiant exposure, which produced ⍀ =1 within 9 mm of the beam center. Figure 9 is a comparison of the simulated damage thresholds and the pigskin damage threshold data.…”

Section: Damage Predictions By the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling thermal damage in skin from 2000-nm laser irradiation

et al. 2006

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An optical-thermal-damage model of the skin under laser irradiation is developed by using finite-element modeling software (FEMLAB 3.1, Comsol, Incorporated, Burlington, Massachusetts). The general model simulates light propagation, heat generation, transient temperature response, and thermal damage produced by a radically symmetric laser beam of normal incidence. Predictions from the model are made of transient surface temperatures and the thermal damage on a pigskin surface generated by 2000-nm laser irradiation, and these predictions are compared to experimental measurements. The comparisons validate the model predictions, boundary conditions, and optical, thermal, and rate process parameters. The model enables the authors to verify the suitability of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) maximum permissible exposure (MPE) standard for a wavelength of 2000 nm with exposure duration from 0.1 to 1 s and 3.5-mm beam diameter. Compared with the ANSI MPE standard, however, the MPE values predicted by the model are higher for exposure durations less than 0.1 s. The model indicates that it may be necessary to modify the ANSI MPE standard for cases in which the laser-beam diameter is larger than 3.5 mm when a "safety factor" of ten is used. A histopathological analysis of the skin damage is performed to determine the mechanisms of laser-induced damage in the skin.

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Section: Predicted Thermal Damagementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Damage Predictions By the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Damage Predictions By the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling thermal damage in skin from 2000-nm laser irradiation

et al. 2006

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“…We found an exposure time-dependent difference in the severity of morphological lesions between treatment with 91 J/cm 2 (1.5 W/cm 2 x min) and 137 J/cm 2 (2.3 W/cm 2 x min). It has been reported that CO 2 laser treatment (0.2-50 s, beam diameter 1.9 cm, 0.69-13.6 W/cm 2 ) induces exposure time and dose-dependent macroscopic lesions in the porcine skin, similar to thermal burns (Brownell et al 1969). Similar to the results of the present study, dose-dependent lesions, such as shrinking and flattening of epidermal cells (epidermal necrosis), separation between epidermis and dermis, and dermal necrosis were reported by Laor et al (1969), after treatment of mice skin (7-100 J/pulse, pulse duration 1 ms, 694 nm, spot size 1-2 mm and 300-900 J/pulse, 1060 nm, spot size 1-2 mm).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defocused CO₂ laser on equine skin: a histological examination

Bergh¹,

Ridderstråle

Ekman

2007

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…The in-vivo models were Yorkshire, White, Handford (lightly pigmented), Yucatan (strongly pigmented) porcine flanks and lightly/strongly pigmented human forearms. References are [1,2,4,9,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22] (see also Paper by Bruce Stuck et al in these proceedings). Data given at ≤1h-and 24/48hreadings were pooled together since the average ratio is 1.08 (18 data couples).…”

Section: Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer modeling of laser induced injury of the skin

Jean¹,

Schulmeister²,

Stuck³

2013

International Laser Safety Conference

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A computer model to calculate the injury threshold of the skin following laser exposure was developed. It is based on calculation of the laser induced temperature profile and subsequent integration with the Arrhenius integral. The model was optimized and validated against 93 experimentally determined threshold data (ED 50) in pigs and humans with various skin colors. The maximum deviation of the model w.r.t. experimental data is 1.9, which is small considering that the model was validated for a wide range of exposures encompassing wavelengths between 500 nm and 10.6 µm, exposure durations between 350 µs and 70 s and spot sizes between 240 μm and 20 mm. Finally, model predictions for heavily pigmented human skin are compared to current exposure limits.

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Skin and Carbon Dioxide Laser Radiation

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Modeling thermal damage in skin from 2000-nm laser irradiation

Modeling thermal damage in skin from 2000-nm laser irradiation

Defocused CO₂ laser on equine skin: a histological examination

Computer modeling of laser induced injury of the skin

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Skin and Carbon Dioxide Laser Radiation

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Modeling thermal damage in skin from 2000-nm laser irradiation

Modeling thermal damage in skin from 2000-nm laser irradiation

Defocused CO2 laser on equine skin: a histological examination

Computer modeling of laser induced injury of the skin

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Defocused CO₂ laser on equine skin: a histological examination