Skin Aging in Three Dimensions

Krejci-Papa, Niels; Langdon, Robert C.

doi:10.1007/3-540-32953-6_12

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The addition of the 45-degree angle image could have induced a greater influence of face shape to the perceived age measure and, in support of this, this facial feature is thought to have a strong influence on the judgement of age (Krejci-Papa and Langdon 2006). Therefore, the features present in images have a marked effect on the resulting perceived ages and, hence, for comparisons to be made across perceived age studies the type of images used for age assessment should be the same.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Perceived age as a biomarker of ageing: a clinical methodology

et al. 2008

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In a previous field-based study, how old one looks for one's age (perceived age) was found to be predictive of mortality in elderly individuals. In conjunction, perceived age is of relevance and interest to the layperson. Here, a clinical methodology for generating perceived age as a biomarker of facial ageing is detailed. The methodology utilises facial photographs of subjects to present images to large numbers of age assessors who are primarily nationals of the country of study origin. In five observational studies in five different countries involving 874 female subjects it was found that subject age and assessor gender, nationality, age and ageing expertise had little effect on the perceived age data generated. However, increasing the numbers of age assessors up to 50 substantially increased the reproducibility of the mean perceived age for an image and a minimum of 10 assessors were required to give reproducible data. This methodology was also compared to a methodology that utilises passport-type photographs of subjects typically taken in field studies. Although the perceived age data from the two types of images were more similar to each other than to chronological age, there was a marked difference between the two sets of data. Therefore, to allow meaningful comparisons across perceived age studies, the same type of image should be used for the generation of perceived age. In conclusion, the methodology detailed here has demonstrated that perceived age can be a reproducible measure when large numbers of adult age assessors are used and can be utilised globally in studies to investigate facial ageing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Ageing results in dramatic changes to the appearance of individuals' faces (Krejci-Papa and Langdon 2006) and, thus, alters how old an individual looks. The changes to visual features with age are likely to reflect the biological age of the tissue from which they originate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived age as a biomarker of ageing: a clinical methodology

et al. 2008

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“…Age-related changes to subcutaneous tissue have been extensively documented and implicated as affecting facial appearance [13]–[16], and probably accounted for some of the remaining variation in the data. In support of this, the nasolabial fold has been linked to perceived age [10], was visibly different in the composite comparisons (Figs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amount of variation in the perceived age data explained by chronological age and the aging appearance features included in the linear models were 73% and 86% for the facial images of the Danish twin and British subjects respectively; there was, therefore, considerable variation in the data unaccounted for. Age-related changes to subcutaneous tissue have been extensively documented and implicated as affecting facial appearance [13] – [16] , and probably accounted for some of the remaining variation in the data. In support of this, the nasolabial fold has been linked to perceived age [10] , was visibly different in the composite comparisons ( Figs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, it is unclear how the use of different photographic images in each study affects the relationship between perceived age and skin and hair aging features. Modern cosmetic surgical techniques target subcutaneous tissues to create a youthful look [13] – [16] suggesting that physiological changes underneath the skin are important modulators of how old one looks. Evidence for the link, though, between changes to subcutaneous tissue and age perception is limited, partly due to the difficulty in measuring subcutaneous changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why Some Women Look Young for Their Age

et al. 2009

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The desire of many to look young for their age has led to the establishment of a large cosmetics industry. However, the features of appearance that primarily determine how old women look for their age and whether genetic or environmental factors predominately influence such features are largely unknown. We studied the facial appearance of 102 pairs of female Danish twins aged 59 to 81 as well as 162 British females aged 45 to 75. Skin wrinkling, hair graying and lip height were significantly and independently associated with how old the women looked for their age. The appearance of facial sun-damage was also found to be significantly correlated to how old women look for their age and was primarily due to its commonality with the appearance of skin wrinkles. There was also considerable variation in the perceived age data that was unaccounted for. Composite facial images created from women who looked young or old for their age indicated that the structure of subcutaneous tissue was partly responsible. Heritability analyses of the appearance features revealed that perceived age, pigmented age spots, skin wrinkles and the appearance of sun-damage were influenced more or less equally by genetic and environmental factors. Hair graying, recession of hair from the forehead and lip height were influenced mainly by genetic factors whereas environmental factors influenced hair thinning. These findings indicate that women who look young for their age have large lips, avoid sun-exposure and possess genetic factors that protect against the development of gray hair and skin wrinkles. The findings also demonstrate that perceived age is a better biomarker of skin, hair and facial aging than chronological age.

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Three-dimensional analyses of aging-induced alterations in facial shape: a longitudinal study of 171 Japanese males

et al. 2014

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We sought to generate data to facilitate forensic facial comparisons. Specifically, we conducted a longitudinal study of alterations in face shape induced by aging. We obtained two three-dimensional facial shape measurements in 171 Japanese males at intervals of approximately 10 years. With this data, we created a homologous model consisting of 10,741 data points for each face based on 33 anatomical landmarks. We averaged the movements of corresponding data points between the two homologous models for each individual and used this data to predict up to 30 years of face aging in an average Japanese male. We clearly identified aging-induced shape changes, such as drooping and denting of the facial folds, drooping of the upper lip, and projection of the lower eyelid, in the virtually aged model. A quantitative comparison of aging-induced shape alterations among three age groups (individuals in their 20's, 30's, and 40-50's) showed that these alterations accelerated more quickly as age increased. Using our predictive model, we conducted a preliminary study focused on facial shape alterations induced by reductions in body weight. Our findings indicated that our proposed method would also be valid for this purpose.

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Skin Aging in Three Dimensions

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Perceived age as a biomarker of ageing: a clinical methodology

Perceived age as a biomarker of ageing: a clinical methodology

Why Some Women Look Young for Their Age

Three-dimensional analyses of aging-induced alterations in facial shape: a longitudinal study of 171 Japanese males

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