Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content

Wilhelm, Klaus‐Peter; Anastasia, B.; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1001/archderm.127.12.1806

Cited by 198 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The skin pH then appears to remain constant until approximately 80 years of age. Regarding gender, a few reports have indicated gender associations [16][17][18], but these are not supported by other studies [12,19,20]. In our study, the initial skin pH before using the product was 4.8, the same as the average reported skin pH in humans.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

Effects of Topical Moisturizers on the Skin of Healthy Full-term Infants and Toddlers

Hyun¹,

Lee²,

Oh³

et al. 2015

Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea

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Moisturizers are the most prescribed products in dermatology. Treatment with moisturizers aims to maintain skin integrity and overall well-being by providing a healthy appearance. Moisturizers perform very important functions in baby care; however, there are few studies on the effects of moisturizers on the skin of infants. To investigate the effects of moisturizers on the skin of healthy full-term infants and toddlers, thirty-one healthy, full-term, 6-to 36-month-old infants and toddlers without any dermatologic conditions received moisturizer applied to the whole body except the eyes and diaper area after bathing twice daily for 4 weeks. Clinical assessments were conducted before treatment, immediately after the treatment period, and 1 and 4 weeks after treatment. At all visits, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin pH, and skin roughness were measured, the skin surface was photographed, and any adverse events were recorded. After using moisturizer, skin hydration significantly increased and TEWL and roughness significantly decreased. The skin pH was modified to mildly acidic and the skin surface was visually smoother than before treatment. There were no statistical significant differences of effects of moisturizers according to age and sex, and adverse events were not observed. The results of moisturizer application on the skin were increased skin hydration, recovery of barrier function, balancing skin pH within a mildly acidic range, and increasing the smoothness of the skin surface for 4 weeks.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

Effects of Topical Moisturizers on the Skin of Healthy Full-term Infants and Toddlers

Hyun¹,

Lee²,

Oh³

et al. 2015

Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea

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“…A lower baseline TEWL in males than in females, but no sexual difference, in SLS-irritated skin was reported by Goh & Chia (90). In a recent study, no change in TEWL values was reported between male and female volunteers (48). These results support the earlier findings ofBjornberg (91), wherein he tested 21 pairs of age-matched men and women with hand eczema and 21 pairs of noneczematous subjects with an array of 13 irritants at various concentrations.…”

Section: Sexsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…TEWL values show a significant decrease with age, especially after the age of 60-70 years. Wilhelm et al (48) and Leveque (49) reported a significant decrease in TEWL on the forearms during the first 20 years of life and a further decrease after the age of70 years compared with adulthood levels. Grove and Kligman (50) observed that renewal of SC is greatly reduced (30-50%) between the ages of 30 and 80.…”

Section: Permeation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of age and sex on the elicitation of irritant contact dermatitis

Patil

Maibach

1994

Contact Dermatitis

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Irritant contact dermatitis causes significant disability to numerous consumers and individuals in industry. Knowledge of the prevalence of this disease remains inadequate. Irritant contact dermatitis occurs in workers engaged in occupations where the subjects are exposed to different types and doses of irritants. The intensity of the reaction depends on the quality and the quantity of exposure. Irritant thresholds and dose responses depend on many different factors. This article reviews the clinical and physiological parameters that affect the age and sex related differences in irritant contact dermatitis.

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“…Moreover, modelling approaches can be used to complement physical and clinical experiments by guiding their design (Hendriks et al, 2006;Hendriks et al, 2003). Intra-individually, the biological and mechanical characteristics of skin, considered either as a material or a composite structure, are also known to vary with age Maibach, 2005, 2006), environmental conditions (Wilhelm et al, 1991), hormonal changes (Bolognia et al, 1989) and exposure to specific chemical agents Matts et al, 2006). The experimental characterisation of mechanical strains inside and at the external surface of the stratum corneum is a tremendous technical challenge due to its sensitivity to environmental conditions, size, limitations of existing metrology technologies, experimental measurement errors and issues of repeatability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanistic insight into the mechanical role of the stratum corneum during stretching and compression of the skin

Leyva-Mendivil

Page

Bressloff

et al. 2015

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

109

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A mechanistic insight into the mechanical role of the stratum corneum during stretching and compression of the skin. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.www.elsevier.com/locate/jmbbm 1 A mechanistic insight into the mechanical role of the stratum corneum during stretching and compression of the skin. AbstractThe study of skin biophysics has largely been driven by consumer goods, biomedical and cosmetic industries which aim to design products that efficiently interact with the skin and/or modify its biophysical properties for health or cosmetic benefits. The skin is a hierarchical biological structure featuring several layers with their own distinct geometry and mechanical properties. Up to now, no computational models of the skin have simultaneously accounted for these geometrical and material characteristics to study their complex biomechanical interactions under particular macroscopic deformation modes.The goal of this study was, therefore, to develop a robust methodology combining histological sections of human skin, image-processing and finite element techniques to address fundamental questions about skin mechanics and, more particularly, about how macroscopic strains are transmitted and modulated through the epidermis and dermis. The work hypothesis was that, as skin deforms under macroscopic loads, the stratum corneum does not experience significant strains but rather folds/unfolds during skin extension/compression.A sample of fresh human mid-back skin was processed for wax histology. Sections were stained and photographed by optical microscopy. The multiple images were stitched together to produce a larger region of interest and segmented to extract the geometry of the stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis. From the segmented structures a 2D finite element mesh of the skin composite model was created and geometrically non-linear plane-strain finite element analyses were conducted to study the sensitivity of the model to variations in mechanical properties.The hybrid experimental-computational methodology has offered valuable insights into the simulated mechanics of the skin, and that of the stratum corneum in particular, by providing qualitative and quantitative information on strain magnitude and distribution. Through a complex non-linear interplay, the geometry and mechanical characteristics of the skin layers (and their relative balance), play a critical role in conditioning the skin mechanical response to macroscopic in-plane compression and extension. Topographical features of the skin surface such as furrows were shown to act as an efficient means to deflec...

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Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content

Cited by 198 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of Topical Moisturizers on the Skin of Healthy Full-term Infants and Toddlers

Effects of Topical Moisturizers on the Skin of Healthy Full-term Infants and Toddlers

Effect of age and sex on the elicitation of irritant contact dermatitis

A mechanistic insight into the mechanical role of the stratum corneum during stretching and compression of the skin

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