Skin Advanced Glycation End Product Accumulation is Poorly Reflected by Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (ZODIAC-9)

Abstract

Background: Glycemic memory can be reflected by tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels over various time periods poorly predicted the accumulation of different AGEs in skin biopsies. Our aim was to investigate whether HbA1c assessments can predict the change in skin AGEs during time in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We included 452 T2DM patients participating in a shared-care setting, who are screened annually for HbA1c and diabetic complications. Baseline and follow-up levels of skin AGEs were assessed with a validated noninvasive autofluorescence (AF) method, which is based on the fluorescence characteristics of certain AGEs. Results: Our study population had a mean age of 65 years and 54% were female. After a mean follow-up duration of 3.3 years, linear regression analyses showed weak relationships among different assessments of HbA1c (baseline, maximum, mean, and variance of HbA1c) and skin AF at follow-up. Baseline skin AF and age were predictors of skin AF at follow-up, but diabetes duration, smoking, and creatinine were of less or no predictive value for skin AF at follow-up. Conclusions: In our T2DM population, integrated HbA1c assessments over years poorly predict the change in skin AGE level measured by skin AF. These findings agree with results in patients with T1DM. This suggests either the need for longer exposure to glucose disturbances to change tissue AGEs or other mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, leading to AGE accumulation.

Skin autofluorescence and risk of micro‐ and macrovascular complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus—a multi‐centre study

“…Specifically, HbA 1c , blood pressure and lipid profile did not contribute. Earlier studies showed that HbA 1c and skin autofluorescence have a limited relation [14], suggesting that skin autofluorescence is only partly determined by the components of the slow Maillard reaction.…”

Skin Autofluorescence Reflects Integration of Past Long-Term Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

“…These findings suggest that a reduction in AGEs is one of the indexes of restrain in diabetes complications (3,16,17). After a mean follow-up duration of 3.3 years, Gerrits et al (18) reported that integrated HbA 1c poorly predicts changes in skin AGEs as measured with skin AF in patients with type 2 diabetes.…”

Skin Autofluorescence Relates to Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products and Albuminuria in Diabetes Mellitus

“…Such association was not found in T2DM in a cohort by Gerrits et al [30]. Since the relatively short turnover time of hemoglobin [31] as compared to skin AGEs formation and degradation, the HbA 1c values cannot always reflect AGEs accumulation.…”