Skilled memory in expert figure skaters

Deakin, Janice; Allard, Fran

doi:10.3758/bf03198498

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These findings have since been replicated in many other domains, including bridge (Charness, 1979), figure skating (Deakin & Allard, 1991), and schematic diagrams (Egan & Schwartz, 1979). The general conclusion that emerges from this body of research is that memory-recall performance on meaningful stimuli is correlated with domain expertise (see Vicente, 1988, for a review).…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Memory recall in a process control system: a measure of expertise and display effectiveness

Vicente

1992

Memory & Cognition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous research has shown that memory-recall performance is correlated with domain expertise. In this study, a process control system was selected as a vehicle for conducting research on memory recall. The primary purposes of the present work were to determine if the classic expertise effects originally obtained in chess generalize to this novel domain and to evaluate the validity of memory recall as a measure of display effectiveness. Experts and novices viewed dynamic event sequences showing the behavior of a thermal-hydraulic system with two different displays, one that only contained information about the physical components in the system (P) and another that also contained information about higher order functional variables (P +F). There were three types of trials: normal, where the system was operating correctly; fault, where a single fault was introduced; and random, where the system's behavior did not obey physical laws. On each trial, subjects were asked to recall the final state of the system and to diagnose the system state. The P +F display resulted in superior diagnosis performance compared with the P display. With regard to memory, there was some evidence of an interaction between trial type and expertise, with experts outperforming novices but primarily on meaningful trials. In addition, memory for the subset of variables most critical to diagnosis was better with the P +F display than with the P display, thereby indicating that memory recall can be a sensitive measure of display effectiveness. The results also clarify a theoretical problem that has existed for some time in the literature, namely, the conditions under which expertise advantages are to be expected in memory-recall tasks. Collectively, these findings point to the potential benefits of adopting an applied context as a test bed for basic research issues.Research on the use of memory recall as a measure of domain expertise originated at least 45 years ago with the seminal work of de Groot (1946Groot ( /1965 on problem solving in chess. In that experiment, four chess players of various levels of expertise were asked to reconstruct meaningful board positions after having been exposed to them for only a few seconds. De Groot discovered that the Master-and Grandmaster-level players were able to perform this task with near-perfect accuracy, whereas the performance of the lesser playe~s was not nearly a~im-pressive. In a subsequent expenment, Chase and Sunon

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Memory recall in a process control system: a measure of expertise and display effectiveness

Vicente

1992

Memory & Cognition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, the theory of area-restricted cognition would suggest that certain kinds of thinking are associated with certain kinds of multidimensional foraging strategies. Evidence supporting skilled memory theory shows that professionals are more likely to remember items configured according to the rules of their domain, as in chess (Chase & Simon, 1973) and figure skating choreography (Deakin & Allard, 1991). Some domains may be inherently more flexible than others, which may call for more or less flexible navigation (e.g., jazz vs. classical musicians).…”

Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Foraging and the Evolution of Goal-Directed Cognition

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Foraging-and feeding-related behaviors across eumetazoans share similar molecular mechanisms, suggesting the early evolution of an optimal foraging behavior called area-restricted search (ARS), involving mechanisms of dopamine and glutamate in the modulation of behavioral focus. Similar mechanisms in the vertebrate basal ganglia control motor behavior and cognition and reveal an evolutionary progression toward increasing internal connections between prefrontal cortex and striatum in moving from amphibian to primate. The basal ganglia in higher vertebrates show the ability to transfer dopaminergic activity from unconditioned stimuli to conditioned stimuli. The evolutionary role of dopamine in the modulation of goal-directed behavior and cognition is further supported by pathologies of human goal-directed cognition, which have motor and cognitive dysfunction and organize themselves, with respect to dopaminergic activity, along the gradient described by ARS, from perseverative to unfocused. The evidence strongly supports the evolution of goal-directed cognition out of mechanisms initially in control of spatial foraging but, through increasing cortical connections, eventually used to forage for information.

show abstract

“…Mnemonic ability for representative stimuli from a domain of expertise has been seen as essential for acquisition of that expertise, and studies have shown that memory for images can be augmented by expertise in the field to which the images relate. Master chess, bridge, or sports players and computer programmers have superior ability compared to nonexperts in memorizing meaningful material from their general domains of expertise, [5][6][7][8][9][10] but not for randomly rearranged versions of those stimuli. This memory seems to be linked to recognition of specific patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiologists remember mountains better than radiographs, or do they?

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Expertise with encoding material has been shown to aid long-term memory for that material. It is not clear how relevant this expertise is for image memorability (e.g., radiologists' memory for radiographs), and how robust over time. In two studies, we tested scene memory using a standard long-term memory paradigm. One compared the performance of radiologists to naïve observers on two image sets, chest radiographs and everyday scenes, and the other radiologists' memory with immediate as opposed to delayed recognition tests using musculoskeletal radiographs and forest scenes. Radiologists' memory was better than novices for images of expertise but no different for everyday scenes. With the heterogeneity of image sets equated, radiologists' expertise with radiographs afforded them better memory for the musculoskeletal radiographs than forest scenes. Enhanced memory for images of expertise disappeared over time, resulting in chance level performance for both image sets after weeks of delay. Expertise with the material is important for visual memorability but not to the same extent as idiosyncratic detail and variability of the image set. Similar memory decline with time for images of expertise as for everyday scenes further suggests that extended familiarity with an image is not a robust factor for visual memorability.

show abstract

Skilled memory in expert figure skaters

Cited by 41 publications

References 15 publications

Memory recall in a process control system: a measure of expertise and display effectiveness

Memory recall in a process control system: a measure of expertise and display effectiveness

Animal Foraging and the Evolution of Goal-Directed Cognition

Radiologists remember mountains better than radiographs, or do they?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About