Skeletal Muscle Phenotype and Performance of an Elite Mixed Martial Artist

Bagley, James R.; Arevalo, José A.; Malyszek, Kylie K.; Spencer, Jennifer; Rosengarten, Jakob; Barillas, Saldiam R.; Leyva, Whitney D.; McManus, Ryan T.; Lee, David; Galpin, Andrew J.

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000487675.57691.66

Cited by 3 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The subjects of all the studies found were males (Table 1). The sample size ranged from 1, in two case studies [9,22], to 18 subjects [23]. The age range of the subjects was from 23 ± 4 years in a case study of UFC professional athletes [24] to 33 years [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sample size ranged from 1, in two case studies [9,22], to 18 subjects [23]. The age range of the subjects was from 23 ± 4 years in a case study of UFC professional athletes [24] to 33 years [9]. It should be mentioned that the ranges reported hereafter referred to mean values, i.e., the abovementioned age 23 years was not of the youngest subject, but the youngest mean age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be mentioned that the ranges reported hereafter referred to mean values, i.e., the abovementioned age 23 years was not of the youngest subject, but the youngest mean age. Height ranged from 170 [25] to 189 cm [9], and weight from 76.8 ± 9.4 to 90.2 kg [11]. Body mass index (BMI)—weight/height 2 —had values between 26 ± 3.3 [26] and 34.3 [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The handgrip (HG) strength test [9,11,23,24,28,39,40] and the isometric middle-thigh pull (IMTP) [9,10,40] were used for evaluating the isometric strength of the fighters (Table 3). The HG isometric maximal strength for the dominant hand presented values from 45.8 ± 6.2 [30] to 78.4 kg [9]. The last reported value should be considered with caution, because the authors did not mention the protocol used for the execution of this test, and various parameters, such as body or hand position, can have an important effect on the results [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MMA has been characterized by a combination of actions of high intensity and short duration such as striking and grappling. These actions highlighted the need for high levels of muscle power [9]—of both upper and lower limbs—and muscle strength—both dynamic [10] and isometric [9]—as well as high levels of muscular and aerobic endurance [11]. Given the multivariate nature of the sport and the fact that it was a “new” combat sport compared to the martial arts of which it was composed, many coaches and athletes designed their training programs in relation to the profile of other combat sports, whose anthropometric and physiological profiles scientific literature had been already established, such as wrestling [12], boxing [13], kick-boxing [14], and BJJ [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthropometric and Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Art Athletes: A Brief Review

Spanias

Nikolaidis²,

Rosemann

et al. 2019

Sports

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The aim of this review was to analyze the existing knowledge of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of MMA (mixed martial arts). A computerized search was performed in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for English-language, peer-reviewed investigations using the term “mixed martial arts” or “MMA” alone and in combination with “physiological characteristics”, “physiological profile”, “body composition”, “strength”, “power”, “endurance”, “aerobic”, and “anaerobic”. The main findings of this review suggested an overall profile of low body fat, high flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and anaerobic power, and average cardiovascular endurance. Nevertheless, no differences in anthropometric and physiological characteristics by performance level of the athletes were observed. Based on the studies analyzed in this review, several limitations were reported. First, the subjects in each paper were limited in number, as is MMA literature itself, and it is impossible to make a generalization regarding the anthropometric and physiological profile for male athletes. Second, no studies included female MMA athletes; therefore, there was no evidence for what their profiles might be. Last, the majority of the above-mentioned studies used different tests, or the same tests with different protocols, and as a result, it is difficult to compare their results. The similarity observed between the levels of the athletes might be a result of the different tests and protocols used by the researchers or might be evidence that the anthropometric and physiological profile of an MMA athlete did not vary among high-level athletes. Considering the increasing number of those engaging in MMA training and sport events, the findings of the present study provided strength and conditioning trainers working with MMA athletes a valuable tool for monitoring training and performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthropometric and Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Art Athletes: A Brief Review

Spanias

Nikolaidis²,

Rosemann

et al. 2019

Sports

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Effect of time restricted eating and resistance exercise training on human muscle fiber size

Andrew¹

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Time restricted eating (TRE) has proven to be an effective diet for weight loss and overall health. However, little research exists whether TRE diets effect muscle growth while in a caloric surplus. Therefore, our main question was to determine how chronic TRE in a caloric surplus would affect muscle growth after a resistance training intervention. Our Collaborator's team at California State University, Fullerton recruited 9 individuals (5 men; 4 women) to participate in an 8 week RE training program (4 days/wk.). Participants self-selected into either a TRE or Continuous Eating group (FED) and caloric surplus was calculated depending on the individual and macronutrient intake and protein consumption was equated across both groups. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis pre-and post-training (sent frozen to San Francisco state). The averages of 10 fibers per sample (from pre and post biopsies) were labeled with phalloidin and DAPI and mounted on microscope slides to be imaged via confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM 710). We used the longitudinal method to measure muscle fiber size that was previously used by our lab (Machek et al. 2022). Fiber volume was measured using the FIJI ImageJ program utilizing both automated and manual methods. A 2-Way ANOVA showed muscle growth in both groups (18%) with no significant difference between TRE (25%) and FED (13%) groups, potentially due to the relatively small sample size. However, a significant difference in muscle fiber increase was found between men (12%) and women (27%) after 8 weeks of resistance training over both diet groups. These data suggest that 1) both TRE and FED states can cause muscle hypertrophy when coupled with 8 weeks of RE, and 2) women can increase muscle hypertrophy relatively faster than males during 8 weeks of RE. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank everyone who has in hand in making my thesis research possible. I want to give a special thanks to my wife, Vanessa for her never-ending Love and Support. I want to thank my parents and my brothers for giving me the courage to go after what is most important to me. I also want to acknowledge the hard work that my research assistant, Zak, has put in to help me complete this massive project, thank you for your countless hours in the lab. Lastly, thank you Dr. Bagley, for allowing me the opportunity to conduct this research as part of the Muscle Physiology Lab at San Francisco State. Without all of you this would not have been possible.

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In search of muscular fitness and its relation to training experience and sports performance of athletes of modern combat sports such as mixed martial arts (MMA) and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ)

Wąsacz

Sobiło-Rydzik

Niewczas

et al. 2023

Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences

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Background: Combat sports, including MMA and BJJ place very high and varied demands on athletes in terms of strength and strength-endurance training. The aim of the present study was to level of development motor fitness athletes combat sports and examine their relationship with training experience, and high sports performance. Methods: Thirty athletes were studied and compared between two groups: MMA (N=15) and BJJ (N=15). Somatic measurements were performed. Selected manifestations of the athletes potential in terms of strength and strength endurance were also measured, using selected tests from the International Physical Fitness Test (EUROFIT) battery, and relative strength and MAW indices were calculated. A coach ranking of athletes by sports achievement was developed. Next, the strength of the relationship of the effect of the aspects of strength and conditioning with training experience and sports performance was assessed. Results: The level of motor fitness in the groups was significantly different between the athletes of these sports in terms of strength and strength endurance abilities (p=0,006-0,038). A higher level of these elements of fitness was displayed by BJJ athletes. In both groups, significant correlations were found between the motor effect and the training experience (r=0,53-0,89) also sports result (r=0,53-0,76). Conclusions: The results allow for the initial diagnosis and interpretation of motor fitness competencies along with the profile of its key manifestations in MMA and BJJ, which promotes optimization of the quality of coaching control.

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Skeletal Muscle Phenotype and Performance of an Elite Mixed Martial Artist

Cited by 3 publications

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Anthropometric and Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Art Athletes: A Brief Review

Anthropometric and Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Art Athletes: A Brief Review

Effect of time restricted eating and resistance exercise training on human muscle fiber size

In search of muscular fitness and its relation to training experience and sports performance of athletes of modern combat sports such as mixed martial arts (MMA) and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ)

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