Skeletal muscle density: effects of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Kelley, David E.; Slasky, B. Simon; Janosky, Janine

doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.3.509

Cited by 179 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Similar negative association has been found between CT-evaluated muscle density measured in the mid thigh and BMI [31]. On the other hand, no association has been found between fat deposits in the back muscles, evaluated by MRI, and weight [32,46].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study

et al. 2009

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The objectives of the study were to evaluate the association between lumbar paraspinal muscle density, evaluated on computed tomography (CT) and age, sex and BMI; and to evaluate the association of those changes with low back pain (LBP) and spinal degeneration features in a community-based sample. This study was an ancillary project to the Framingham Study. A sample of 3,529 participants aged 40-80 years had a CT scan performed to assess aortic calcification. 187 individuals were randomly enrolled in this study. LBP in the last 12 months was evaluated using self-report questionnaire. Density (in Hounsfield units) of multifidus and erector spinae was evaluated on CT. The prevalence of intervertebral disc narrowing, facet joint osteoarthritis (FJOA), spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis were also evaluated. We used linear regression models to examine the association of paraspinal muscles density with age, sex, BMI, LBP, and spinal degeneration features. The results show that in our study, men have higher density of paraspinal muscles than women, younger individuals have higher density than older ones and individuals with lower weight have higher muscle density than overweight. No differences between individuals with and without LBP were found. Significant association was found between L4 multifidus/erector spinae density and FJOA at L4-L5; between multifidus at L4 and spondylolisthesis at L4-5; and between erector spinae at L4 and L5 with disc narrowing at L4-5 and L5-S1, respectively. We conclude that the paraspinal muscle density decreases with age, and increases BMI. It is associated with at some levels FJOA, spondylolisthesis and disc narrowing at the same level, but not associated with occurrence of LBP.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study

et al. 2009

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“…At a further increase in FMI, the SM increases underproportionately when compared with connective tissue (for example, FFM of AT). This was shown by Kelley et al, 35 who found a decreased density of lean tissue induced by a high proportion of connective tissue in the area of the muscle in obese subjects. A higher proportion of connective tissue alters the quality of FFM, which can lead to functional disability and mobility limitations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Total and regional relationship between lean and fat mass with increasing adiposity—impact for the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Besides the effect of age used to define sarcopenia, there is need to understand the impact of adiposity on the relationship between lean (fat-free mass, FFM) and fat mass (FM) in order to diagnose sarcopenic obese phenotypes. More importantly, the regional distribution of skeletal muscle (SM) to adipose tissue (AT) or the composition of FFM (that is, SM proportion of lean mass) may also depend on adiposity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a large database (n ¼ 1737) of healthy males and females (age 11-84 years, BMI 13.5-52.5 kg/m 2 ) we investigated changes in the relationship between FFM and FM (normalized by height as fat-free mass index and fat mass index: FFMI and FMI, kg/m 2 assessed by densitometry) with increasing adiposity and age. In a subgroup (n ¼ 263) we analyzed the relationship between regional SM and (i) AT (by magnetic resonance imaging) or (ii) lean soft tissue (by dual X-ray absorptiometry) with increasing adiposity. RESULTS: The relationship between lean and FM was influenced by adiposity, age and gender. With increasing adiposity, SM/AT declined faster at the trunk in men and at the extremities in women. The contribution of appendicular SM to lean soft tissue of arms and legs tended to decrease at a higher adiposity in both genders (FMI 46.97 kg/m 2 in women; FMI47.77 kg/m 2 in men). CONCLUSION: Besides age and gender, adiposity and body region should be considered when evaluating the normal relationship between lean and FM, SM/FFM and SM/AT.

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“…Mid-thigh skeletal muscle area was compartmentalized into a low-density muscle area (0 to þ 34 HU) and a normal-density muscle area ( þ 35 to þ 100 HU). 10 Skeletal muscle attenuation was determined by measuring the mean value of all pixels within the range of 0 to þ 100 HU. In addition, as a valid tool for measuring the fat content of the liver, we determined liver attenuation as the average measurement from three regions of interest (one from each hepatic lobe) in the cross-sectional image at the T11-12 intervertebral disc space.…”

Section: Computed Tomography Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

High fat stores in ectopic compartments in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: an anthropometric determinant of carotid atherosclerosis and insulin resistance

et al. 2009

Int J Obes

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Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze how fat partitioning in the liver, muscle and visceral compartments is altered by diabetes and age, and whether altered fat distribution is associated with a higher carotid artery intima-media thickness (C-IMT) and insulin resistance. Methods: This was an observational study performed on 21 young healthy men (mean age±s.d., 28.6±3.8 years) and 73 men with newly developed type 2 diabetes (38 young (29.2 ± 4.1 years) and 35 middle-aged (47.1 ± 6.0 years) subjects). Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat areas, mid-thigh muscle attenuation and liver attenuation characteristics were determined; the mid-thigh muscle was divided into low-and normal-density muscle areas. Results: The young and middle-aged diabetic subjects had higher visceral fat areas, higher liver attenuation and higher lipid-rich muscle (greater low-density muscle area and decreased muscle attenuation) when compared with healthy individuals; however, no differences were observed between the two diabetic groups. In contrast, the C-IMT increased with both age and diabetes. On the basis of multiple regression analyses, mid-thigh low-density muscle area and muscle attenuation were independently associated with the C-IMT, and the mid-thigh normal-density muscle area and muscle attenuation were independent factors of insulin resistance. Conclusions: High fat stores within ectopic compartments were observed at an early stage in the development of diabetes. Furthermore, altered lipid partitioning within muscle was independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis and insulin resistance.

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Skeletal muscle density: effects of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Cited by 179 publications

References 12 publications

Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study

Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study

Total and regional relationship between lean and fat mass with increasing adiposity—impact for the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity

High fat stores in ectopic compartments in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: an anthropometric determinant of carotid atherosclerosis and insulin resistance

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