Skeletal muscle atrogene expression and insulin resistance in a rat model of polytrauma

Abstract

Polytrauma is a combination of injuries to more than one body part or organ system. Polytrauma is common in warfare, and in automobile and industrial accidents. The combination of injuries can include burn, fracture, hemorrhage, and trauma to the extremities or specific organ systems. Resistance to anabolic hormones, loss of muscle mass, and metabolic dysfunction can occur following injury. To investigate the effects of combined injuries, we have developed a highly reproducible rodent model of polytrauma. This model combines burn injury, soft tissue trauma, and penetrating injury to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and subjected to a 15–20% total body surface area scald burn, or laparotomy and a single puncture of the cecum with a G30 needle, or the combination of both injuries (polytrauma). In the current studies, the inflammatory response to polytrauma was examined in skeletal muscle. Changes in skeletal muscle mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 were observed following single injuries and polytrauma. Increased expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Atrogin‐1/FBX032 and TRIM63/MuRF‐1 were measured following injury, as was skeletal muscle insulin resistance, as evidenced by decreased insulin‐inducible insulin receptor (IR) and AKT/PKB (Protein Kinase B) phosphorylation. Changes in the abundance of IR and insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) were observed at the protein and mRNA levels. Additionally, increased TRIB3 mRNA levels were observed 24 h following polytrauma, the same time when insulin resistance was observed. This may suggest a role for TRIB3 in the development of acute insulin resistance following injury.

Transcription Factor Sox9 Exacerbates Kidney Injury through Inhibition of MicroRNA-96-5p and Activation of the Trib3/IL-6 Axis

“…This result suggests that IL-6 is involved in LPS-induced inflammatory responses in renal tubular cells as a downstream effector molecule of Trib3. IL-6 and Trib3 are upregulated in various inflammatory diseases such as chronic kidney disease and polytrauma [ 40 , 42 ], and their relationship has been previously reported, with one study showing that Trib3 gene polymorphism is strongly associated with circulating IL-6 levels [ 43 ]. Another study showed that the knockdown of Trib3 reduced serum levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and improved diabetic nephropathy [ 44 ].…”